The Gender Difference Between Rumination and Reflection

Gender difference between Rumination and Reflection Abstract This study examined the gender differences between rumination and reflection. Undergraduate psychology students (251 women with the mean age 22.08 and 94 men with the mean age 22.64) were each given a questionnaire to fill out as part of their course requirement. The aim of the study was to examine if there were differences in coping styles between men and women. The hypothesis women would use rumination more as a coping strategy and that men would use reflection more often. The results supported the hypothesis that women tend to use rumination more so than men. Contrary to expectations that men would use reflection†¦show more content†¦ Thayer s et al ., replica study used the 22-item version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to measure the students depressive symptoms. Thayer, Rossy, Ruiz-Padial and Johnsen (2003) , also used the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS) Solovey et al., (1995, as cited in Thayer et al., 2003) which measures emotional regulation. 3 The TMMS is a 30-item self-report measure that is designed to measure participants beliefs about their emotional regulation strategies ( Thayer et al.,). As was expected by Thayer, Rossy, Ruiz-Padial and Johnsen (2003), women reported more depression, sadness, guilt, blame and tiredness. On the TMMS women scored higher then men, showing that women give more attention to their moods and feelings. In further studies conducted by Nolen-Hoeksema and Jackson (2001), it was predicted that there would be gender differences between men and women who believed that their emotions were uncontrollable and that they would more likely engage in rumination. Nolen-Hoeksema and Jackson also predicted that men and women as a group would be more likely than men as a group to have beliefs that centred around societies views that women are more emotionally labile and have less control over their emotions Fabes amp; Martin (1991, as cited in Nolen- Hoeksema amp; Jackson 2001) . Nolen-Hoeksema and Jackson hypothesised thatShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Stress and Coping Styles in Men and Women Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesIt is a fact that men and women differ in many ways. Various researchers have pondered, and tried to determine the differences that may exist in coping styles and levels of stress in men and women. Despite the many studies that have been done on the relationship between stress and health, the nature of this has not yet been clearly established (Matud, 2004). Coping has been defined as the constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external and/or internalRead MoreThe Applicability of Resiliency Models in Explaining the Prediction of Depressive Symptoms From Rumination1597 Words   |  7 Pagesexplaining the prediction of depressive symptoms from rumination, and the role of agency and pathways as protective factors among Australian adults. The first hypothesis, based on the direct effects models, that high levels of rumination and that low levels of agency and pathways would be associated with high levels of depressive symptoms was supported for both men and women. The second hypothesis, based on the compensatory model, that rumination would be positively associated with depressive symptomsRead MoreRumination, Hope and Depression1473 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals worldwide, depression is within the top five leading causes of disease and disability (WHO, 2009). Andrade et al. (2003) indicated that the prevalence of depression among adu lts worldwide ranged between 1.2% and 10% among 10 different countries, with seven of the ten countries clustered between the ranges of 3.5% to 5.9%. Within Australia, 12-month prevalence rates for adults (16-85 years) for a depressive episode was 4.4% and for dysthymia was 1.3%, with depressive disorders accounting forRead MoreIs Procrastination Negatively Impacted Professional Advancement And General Well Being Essay1974 Words   |  8 Pagesdisturbances, rumination, emotional state, and chronotype. A structural equation model approach was used for model testing. Results demonstrated that procrastination positively correlated with sleep disturbance, a link moderated by chronotype, such that self-identified Morning Types reported lower procrastination, fewer sleep disturbances, and the two measures did not correlate. Among Intermediate and Evening Types the relationship between procrastination and sleep was mediated by rumination and negativeRead MoreTransdiagnostic Cbt5615 Words   |  23 Pageslimitations of the approach will conclude the first part of the paper. The second part will be a review of personal clinical work discussing the transdiagnostic process and its hypothesised effectiveness. To conclude the author will provide a personal reflection. There has been a long widely accepted claim for the effectiveness of CBT with prolific amount of evidence for it’s effectiveness for Depression, Anxiety and Mood disorders (Roth Fongy, 1995) Models such as cognitive therapy for depressionRead MoreGraphic Images And Biological Markers2114 Words   |  9 Pagesindividual’s behavior. The most notable signs for depression include structural abnormalities in the hippocampus (Fu Costafreda, 2013), decreased left midfrontal gyrus activities, improving right frontal gyrus activation, increased connections between the precuneus seed region and rising left orbitofrontal cortex /paracingulate activation during non-win outcomes during a reward-processing task (Felder et al., 2012). These elements are showing the long-term impacts depression will have on the bodyRead MoreThe Effects Of Cognitive Appraisals On The Development Of Ptsd1972 Words   |  8 Pagesintentional recall, and the Negative Thoughts about the Self subscale of the Post-traumatic Cognitions Inventory was used to assess negative appraisals in PTSD symptoms. The Safety Behaviour Questionnaire was used to assess safety behaviours, and the Rumination to Intrusion Questionnaire assessed intrusive memories (Ehring, 2008). All assessments administered were used to test the cognitive predictors of PTSD. Participants were tested at 1-, 3-, and 6-month intervals (Ehring, 2008). The researchers foundRead MoreEvidence Based Practice Essay6286 Words   |  26 Pagesstatistics vs interpret statistics • Convenient and Comfortable vs patient-centered • Evaluation of learners based on fact retention vs. application of knowledge • Inflexible priorities vs. flexibility • Rigid curricular parameters vs. open for rumination (there are no right or wrong answers) • Discourage the stupid question EBP Skills for the Baccalaureate Student • Identify the 5 steps of the EBP • Form a clinical question using PICO format for a therapy / intervention, diagnosis, harmRead MoreImpact of merger and acquisition on employee motivation12272 Words   |  50 Pagesfactors such as cultural disparity, loss of talent, poor motivation, and mismanagement. Owing to this consideration, this research study will examine the impact of mergers and acquisition on employee motivation, taking the example of a recent merger between two telecommunication conglomerates based in the United Kingdom. Acknowledgement I would gratefully like to acknowledge the following people for being a source of guidance and support through the course of this research. I thank you all for yourRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCharacteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a Hard Law...

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the first global human rights treaty that was formulated. The main driving force behind the formation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the Second World War, which in it course saw some of the worst human atrocities being committed on a global scale. The Declaration was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on the 10th of December 1948. The term soft law refers to legal instruments which do not have any legally binding force, or whose binding force is somewhat weaker than the binding force of traditional law. These are generally, instruments that are not treaties that oblige the stakeholders to follow them, but they have within them ‘norms’ that are believed to b†¦show more content†¦Although the UDHR in itself does not provide a legal framework for the application of the fundamental rights given in it, these covenants and conventions that were brought about after have provided the necessary provisions for their enforcement. While treaties are actually binding (after ratification by states), soft law instruments are only potentially binding. Soft law is indeed conceived as the beginning of a gradual process in which further steps are needed to make of such agreements binding rules for states. In the inception, with the UDHR being presented as a soft law instrument, and gradually the necessary accords were brought about to make it possible that the Universal Human Rights are enforced with a legal background. Although soft law creates moral or political commitment for states, and in a more indirect and persuasive way, soft law instruments have an influence on states, which is not very different from that of treaties. The acceptance of the UDHR in 1948 had a very wide global effect from that time onward. They were seen by the world as the basic rights that every man is entitled to and the principles were thus included in constitutions of many countries thereafter. This provided the legal footing the UDHR required at national levels, and in the current context, essentially every constitution in the world has amalgamated them in to their own legal system. This in effect has turned theShow MoreRelatedThe International Human Rights Regime Has Its Weaknesses And Flaws1093 Words   |  5 PagesRam Chadha HR Final Exam The question that states that the international human rights regime does not have a hard enforcement mechanism and until there are serious consequences to violations, states won’t comply with human rights is a topic I happen to disagree with. I realize the international human rights regime has its weaknesses and flaws. However, these weaknesses are due to inescapable aspects of our disordered global society, especially the principle of state sovereignty. At the endRead MoreHuman Rights And The United Nations959 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Rights is a conceptual idea that no matter who we are and where we are born every human is entitled to basic rights and freedoms. Human rights are not privileges and cannot be granted or revoked. They are inalienable and universal. The concept is thought provoking but becomes difficult once put into practice. This is because rights and freedoms are defined differently across societies and cultures. Different societies dictate how their peo ple are treated and what their rights are. Key factorsRead MoreHuman Rights Are Rights Innate To Every Single Individual,1268 Words   |  6 PagesHuman rights are rights innate to every single individual, whatever our nationality, where you live, sex, national or ethnic birthplace, color of skin, religion, dialect/language, and many more. We are all similarly qualified for our human rights without segregation. These rights are altogether interrelated, associated and resolute. Widespread human rights are regularly communicated and ensured by law, in the types of treaties, standard global law, general standards and different wellsprings of internationalRead MoreDifferences Between Human And Regimes And Regional Human Rights1547 Words   |  7 PagesBenjamin Thompkins Political Science 3346 Professor Tiede 10/28/15 What are the differences between global human rights’ regimes and regional human rights’ regimes? Include one example of a regional human rights’ regime (write at least 1 page double spaced)(5 points) The most notable example of a global human rights regime is the United Nations, and an example of regional human rights would be the OAS ( Organization of American States). Both entities have focuses that are quite similar andRead MoreEssay on Human Rights, War and Terrorism1226 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Rights, War and Terrorism After every war come the peace talks; after millions of people had been killed. After the terrorist attacks comes the investigation, reason, or counter-terrorism; after lives had been wasted. There is time for the nations of the world to come together to understand one another in order to avoid war and terrorism and that time is now. War is as old as man. It is a reign of terror when people are always on the run, always hungry, alwaysRead More Against the Death Penalty Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesPenalty Human rights are fundamental rights which every human being is entitled to just because they are human. The death penalty is the ultimate, irreversible denial of human rights. It is the cold blooded killing of a human being in the name of ‘justice’. In 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; in Articles 3 and 5 it states that â€Å"no one shall be subjected to cruel or degrading punishment and everyone has the right to life andRead MoreHuman Rights And Environment Law At Crossroads Essay4440 Words   |  18 PagesThe Human Right to a Healthy Environment Dr. Preeti Pandey (Author) Asstt. Professor Amity University, Noida Ph:08527237666 preeti.1234pandey@yahoo.com Ms. Mahima Chauhan (Co-Author) Consultant Ph: 09811927253 mahimachauhan@gmail.com HUMAN RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENT LAW AT CROSSROADS The relationship between human rights and environmental protection in international law is not straightforward. It has seen various ups and downs and reached the present state of development. Human rights have been aRead MoreThe Concept Of Common Heritage Of Mankind1642 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion a INTRODUCTION In this legal brief, I argue that the concept of Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) does represent a rule of customary international law (CIL) which would apply to commercial space activities. In determining the relationship between CHM and CIL, I investigate how the concept of CHM is connected with and reflected in the rule of CIL. Specifically, I examine how it would regulate celestial resource mining. DEFINING CHM Notwithstanding that it is controversial to determine theRead MoreThe Concept Of Common Heritage Of Mankind1658 Words   |  7 PagesQUESTION a) INTRODUCTION In this legal brief, I argue that the concept of Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) does represent a rule of customary international law (CIL) which would apply to commercial space activities. In determining the relationship between CHM and CIL, I investigate how the concept of CHM is connected with and reflected in the rule of CIL. Specifically, I examine how it would regulate celestial resource mining. DEFINING CHM Notwithstanding that it is controversial to determineRead MoreImplementation Of International Human Rights Treaties1917 Words   |  8 Pagesinternational law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation, although 17 years later at 1986 Convention in Vienna also, the definition of treaty was extended in a sense so it could incorporate the international organizations as probable parties in the execution of the treaties. We can say that the main object of a treaty, since it is a contract, is to legally-bind the parties, this means, to create reciprocal rights and duties

Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction Free Essays

Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning Summary Although the collective knowledge in the field of Pedagogy on how readers, â€Å"actually carry out this interpretive process with college-level expository text is rather limited† (Haas and Flower 167). The study in discussion would like to help the understanding of this constructive, rhetorical view of reading. Throughout the article, Haas and Flower emphasize how students â€Å"are good readers in the traditional sense†¦ yet, they paraphrase rather than analyze, summarize rather than criticize texts† (170). We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction or any similar topic only for you Order Now This brings up two key points that Haas and Flower discuss in a relation to rhetorical reading strategies, in student reader-writers. According to the research Haas and Flower conducted, only about one percent of students use the rhetorical reading strategy, which means that most students don’t criticize and analyze text that they read. Most students mainly use the Content and Feature/Functional reading strategy, rather than deconstructing the text, they just say the basic things, and summarize which brings up the question, how does the constructive process play itself out in the actual thinking process of reading? Haas and Flower purpose that readers â€Å"construct meaning by building multifaceted, interwoven, representation of knowledge† (168). The main focus Haas and Flower have throughout the article is the fact that students are staying at the â€Å"mediocre† level while reading, instead of breaking down the text and actually analyzing what the author(s) were trying to say. Haas and Flower want students to get use to using the rhetorical strategy, since it will help students better understand the text they read especially as they continue on with higher education Works Cited Haas, Christina and Flower, Linda. â€Å"College Composition and Communication† Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning. 1988 How to cite Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction, Essay examples

Law Management Business Trade Practices

Question: Discuss about the Law Management for Business Trade Practices. Answer: 1. A) With its origin and inception in 1914, Wesfarmers, a diversified company working as Western Australias farmers cooperative has sustained values and fair practices in its trade practices. They have attained global leadership will the help of these practices. The company achieves the enviable position it enjoys today through the usage the provision of goods and services in a professional and competitive basis thereby satisfying the need of a customer (Griggs et al., 2012). The company works with integrity and honesty both inside and outside responding to the needs of the communities. The strategies are taken by the company in organizing fair trade are as follows:- The company follows anti-bribery act complying with the stringent laws and regulations and principles set by the Australian policy makers. A sustainable relationship is maintained with the partners working with the breath of policies and standards set by the company Wesfarmers (Burrell and McGinn, 2009). Ethical sourcing policies are applied and set as minimum standards even when working under different conditions and various geo-political locations where rules and regulations are not that strict. The company applies their policies and standards set by the restrictive trade practice section of Competitions and Consumers Act. They work price agreement principle set by the standards by fixing a price below which resellers cant sell a product. They comply with the policies set by the Cartel provisions found in Part IV, Division 1 of Competitions and Consumers Act (Homburg, 2008). B) All the employees work under ethical treatment practice and to increasing supply chain transparency. The company considers it as the priority to reform a policy of completion to promote completion not to restrict the policies to develop the business. The company follows unilateral deductions in tariff on imported goods, and they have to reduce or removed them to the lowest levels. The company also follows the determination of the issuance of trade hours within the state or territory jurisdiction (Thomas, 2010). They also abide by the principles of competition from the government manufactures goods and products and work on the social and economic cases. The endorsements are done by Wesfarmers on the recommendation of marker issuances and assessments that help in the thriving of competition. The company abides by the guidelines set by CCA on the provision of section 46 (1AA) which refers to the predatory pricing by a corporation with a substantial share in the market. This act also kno wn as Birdsville Amendment Act puts competition in terms of pricing and market share and Wesfarmers works towards abolishing that. Section 46 also provides a vision blur in nature between vigorous and beneficial competition and this section should also need to be amended according to Wesfarmers (Miller, Sims and Miller, 2013). The company also works against the factors of unfair contracting set the Australian Consumer Law 2010 for business to business contracts. The company states that the law should be taken with more care to the maximum extent available. The company has followed the rules and regulation of Competition and Consumer Act 2010, ensures health safety, equal employment opportunities and fair trade practices. C) The company will be able to increase its market value by following the fair trade practice. The idea of fair completion is prevalent in the feature of laws, and they should follow the laws to the greatest effect. They can create sustainable relationships with their stake holders thereby creating a brand image in the face of economic and legal formations. They should make their corporate and employees follow the rules and regulations both set out by the cartel law and their laws of anti-bribery. Fair competition not only ensures good market value but also help sustain the financial viability of the company (Tony Ciro, et.al, 2014). The company should be working in tandem with the policymakers devices to create the image and also enabling the company has a healthy business cycle. The consumers of their company should get a proper product on the best market price provisioned by the Cartel Law section part IV, and the customers should get a proper valuation of their money. The managers s hould be able to fix prices of a particular prices staying under the provisions and laws set by the guideline of Competition and Consumers Act. Business to business contracts or independent business contracts should be set under the proper guidelines providing specific terms and conditions (Borgeon and Cellich, 2012). The aim to be taken by the company is to have both organic and inorganic growth that is growing from the inside with its profits and finances and also growing inorganically via mergers and acquisitions staying under the guidelines set by the act provided by the Competition and Consumer forum. The financial statement should be a vital testimony in providing the facts and figures of the company. The company will be able to attract more audiences and investors if they stay under the guidelines authored by the governing body. The company will also be able to stay out of legal woes because policymakers and governmental organizations are watching the activities of the company with a hawk eye view. An illegal practice from the company's part will disrupt the company's image in front of public and investors alike, and they will have to exhibit unnatural losses. The anti-policy laws if implemented over a company will provide enough option of dismissing market share through the help of financial losses and penalty to be paid (White, 2009). So the company should be following the rules and regulation of fixing the price and market competition through the usage of resale price maintenance proper implementation over merger and acquisitions without making any misuse of their given marke t power. 2. To: the Board of Directors, Bungee World From: Date: Subject: An explanation on the grounds of negligence and proving of recommendations for solving the potential damage of public. Sir, The case that happened inside Bungee World proves beyond fact that the accident happened unknowingly. The manager who was in charge of the particular station and safety operations of bungee jumping sporting event should be held responsible for the entire act. As a manager of safety operations he should have been more cautious towards his job. It is the managers responsibility to check and cross check all sorts of equipment and extra care needs to endured as they are working on adventure sports with high adrenaline rush (Ong, 2007). Competitions and Consumer Act puts importance of trade practices done fairly and ethically through all spectrums of business doings. Competency standards of Australian engineering depict the breaching of personal commitment obligations to community as provided by the measures of Act II of the National Professional Engineers Register. The act also emphasizes on the technical proficiency and value to be considered and given in a particular workplace. Accordi ng to competency standard of the Australian engineering of stage (ii) states the breaching of the personal obligations to the community, workplace value and technical proficiency competency standards 2012 of National Professional Engineers Register (Engineer Australia, 2016). The individuals planning the entire event should be able to consider all medical and health standards as per the laws and guidelines. Medical conditions with sufficient control should be depicted a physician or nursing practitioner should be provisioned to check the parameters of unusual blood pressure, abnormality in the heart rhythm, breathing trouble, back and leg injuries and several other head injuries. Bungee jumping is considered to be a super adventure sport. A lot of mishap can happen from the bungee jumping event. These types of events can formulate several types of injuries including head and spine injuries, eye injuries and several other types including eye injuries. In the case of Loki an investmen t banker, the safety harness seemed to fail leading this kind of a mishap. The platform which holds the safety harness over the bungee jumping platform clogged out on the basis of damage which may have incurred due to the presence of ocean moisture. The Australian authority makes strict provisions and guideline ensuring the safety of its product and service based customers Moreover, a human being. The safety managers fault was that he has not been able to correspond to this rules and guidelines of safety thereby resulting into a mishap which could have been avoided via proper inspection of all safety measures across all divisions. The management should consider the views against the spectacle of someones precious life. The elastic rope used for the bungee jumping performance was faulty and the company producing it should also be held liable for endangering the life an individual (Nottage, 2010). The faulty quality of rope clearly depicts that the company producing it are not implementing the guidelines set by the Competition and Consumer Act, which ensures the safety of a human being. The defective piece is a result of some low graded production facility without any application of ethical or other laws. Elastic rope considered for bungee jumping consists of many latex threads which once included creates a tough outer cover and outer part. In this case the toughness seems to be missing. With all due considerations made to this case, the steel part attached that the elastic rope that acts as a balance maker and back drop of a bungee jump seems to be in a bad shape. This particular base is responsible for the cre ation of public damages and other physical harm caused to a person. The act of negligence seems to be conducted by the manager to avoid this kind of circumstances. As per the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 the companies should be giving quality services and products to their company by running the business fairly. The standard also seems to be missing from this incident (Shaw, 2003). The recommendation necessary for the changes considering the issue should be that management should be taking proper actions in ensuring safety for the customers. They should help in creating infrastructure which would help the company have a proper brand image in front of the public. The ride and attractions and sporting events should be thoroughly checked first by their safety managers ensuring customer safety and implementing all laws provisioned by the governmental organizations. The company should also collaborate with their partners and make them understand the policies and guidelines for procuring safety for the customers. All the safety measures should be properly implemented for preventing any kind of accidents in future. In order to reduce the threats the company should implement all the given laws and make sure every employee should be following them to proper standards and measurements. The case happened with Loki who was a first timer jumper could easily have been avoided if the safety measurements could be properly implemented and the employees should have been more concerned about the guidelines of safety and try to implement them in their actions (Nottage, 2010). The act of the manager was an act of negligence that should analyzed as per the Tort law. So hereafter recommendations should be on the line of proper quality assurance and no negligence policies both from the management and employees. This will lead to the risk mitigation from more and m ore human lives. 3. National employment standards make use of policies or entitlements to be provided to every employee as per Australian standards. These standards include weekly hours to the maximum use, flexible working arrangements requests, leaves and parental leaves and other entitlements, the usage of public holidays among various others. The employment contract of a person should be using all the entitlements set out by NES. The company should be providing this entitlement to the employees to stay working in an Australian climate made through the fair trade policy (Fair work, 2016). The casual employee retained by the organization should be entitled to casual leave without pay, community services leave without pay, career's leave without pay among others . Long casual leaves are also provided to employees under the provision of special consideration. As the head of human resources of Wesfarmers, the employee needs to ensure the stringent policies set out by the government adhering to the poli cies set the parent company. The head of HR would also need to ensure that productivity and other departments of management work seamlessly under the conditions. Wage is a very important issue to be addressed, and the hr needs to find the best solution at the right time. The hr needs to focus on getting quality standards from an employee who is not only efficient but also gets work done at a right price (Australian Fair Work Act 2009, 2013). A proper roster has to be set up by the policymakers ensuring equality amongst workers. The workers should get a proper holiday and other entitlements listed under NES the head of hr needs to ensure that all these factors are not hampering productivity. Standards set by the governmental organization cannot be against the market, and proper productivity can be ensured by following them (Understanding the Fair Work Act, 2011). The employees of the organization are entitled to benefits, and if they don't get them, they are eligible to leave the company. As the head of hr, the person needs to control attrition because attrition in business suppresses its growth. The pattern and cycles of business drive and proper employment functions are set in the guidelines the hr just needs to put them in order to benefit the comp any (Towards productive and equitable workplaces, 2012). 4. Case study As per the case study, Dave the technical person who made a call to Rebecca a basic English speaking Italian for free plumbing service uses force and persuasion to sell a cooling unit offending the Australian law legislation guidelines. The unit was purchased after much persuasion and Dave made use of different forces prevented by the Australian law to sell the unit. The Ono unit purchased by Rebecca was in working condition, but she does not need it at all (Australian Law Legislation, 2016). Acts As per the depiction of this case, the nature of sell clearly falls under the enforcement of guidelines set by Australian consumer law. The Australian under provisions of Australian regulators depicts that, a seller will not be liable to pressurize the psychology of customer for buying their product and henceforth if disobeyed then according to the Act, the consumers are liable to take exemplary legal action against the seller and company which is simply depicted in this case study (Malbon and Nottage, 2013). It hereby depicts that Rebecca is in all shape to take action against Dave and his company. As per the ACCC act with depicting the protection of customers, Issue 3, terms that unfairly restricts the consumers right to terminate the contract and Rebecca can easily cancel the aforementioned contract. The case of the Richard Johnstone and Christine Parker, Enforceable Undertakings as per Australian law, seller is not liable to force the customer to purchase the product and if disob eyed then the consumer can take legal action against seller (Competition and Consumer Act 2010, 2016). Principles As per the Australian Consumer Law of section 21 a customer getting affected with unconscionable conduct and considerations could be created with the enhancements to general views of customers. Enforcement of the customers should not be undertaken while making a sale thereby making the conduct unconscionable (Nottage, 2010). The provisions made under the terms and conditions of section 3 wherein the consumer guarantees and thereby the customer gets protection under the terms and conditions of section 21. The case study of the Christine Parker, Restorative Justice in Business Regulation shows the significance of the given case study. The Modern Law review 209, considers the purchase of the consumers and legal rules are implemented to depict the views of products and enhancement are made as per the mind state depicted (Tarakson, 2007). The deceptive or misleading conduct is applied and considerations are developed with contract that seems to be constructed accordingly. References Australian Fair Work Act 2009. (2013). Sydney: CCH Australia. Australian Law Legislation, (2016).Library Guides: Australian Law Legislation: the Australasian Legal Information Institute Database (AustLII): Welcome. [online] Libguides.melbournepolytechnic.edu.au. Available at: https://libguides.melbournepolytechnic.edu.au/lawaustlii [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Borgeon, M. and Cellich, C. (2012).Trade promotion strategies best practices. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Burrell, D. and McGinn, J. (2009).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Competition and Consumer Act 2010, (2016).Competition and Consumer Act 2010. [online] Legislation.gov.au. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2015C00327 [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Engineers Australia, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Fair work, (2016).Welcome to the Fair Work Ombudsman website. [online] Fair Work Ombudsman. Available at: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/national-employment-standards [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Griggs, L., Duke, A., Nielsen, J. and Cejnar, L. (2012).Competition law in Australia. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer Law Business, Kluwer Law International. Homburg, J. (2008).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Malbon, J. and Nottage, L. (2013).Consumer law policy in Australia New Zealand. Annandale, N.S.W.: Federation Press. Miller, R., Sims, R. and Miller, R. (2013).Miller's Australian Competition and Consumer Law annotated. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Law Books. Nottage, L. (2010). Consumer law reform in Australia: Contemporary and Comparative Constructive Criticism.QUT Law Review, 9(2). Ong, D. (2007).Trusts law in Australia. Annandale, N.S.W.: Federation Press. Shaw, M. (2003).International law. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Tarakson, S. (2007).The law in Australia. Port Melbourne, Vic.: Heinemann Library. Thomas, G. (2010).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Tony Ciro, et.al, (2014).Law and Business - Oxford University Press. [online] Oup.com.au. Available at: https://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/law/commercial__and__business_law/9780195524048 [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Towards more productive and equitable workplaces. (2012). Canberra: A.C.T. Understanding the Fair Work Act. (2011). North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. White, R. (2009).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia.

Experience of Reggio Emilia Critique

The idea of ‘defamiliarising’ objects and events in order to use them as the topic or the focus for the project work is discussed by Katz as the aspects of the Reggio Emilia approach is based on the project work the topics for which are traditionally taken from the children’s daily experience and surroundings (Katz, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Experience of Reggio Emilia Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process of ‘defamiliarising’ everyday objects can be defined as the process of ‘unpacking’ these objects, paying much attention to their qualities, particular features, characteristics, unexpected qualities, and all the levels of usability (Katz, 1998). The main issue which is associated with the Reggio Emilia approach is the appropriateness of using the project work with references to the graphic languages for children of 3-6 years. These proje cts are presented as the extended in-depth investigations (Katz, 1998). They are controlled by teachers, but the work of children is organised in such a way to give them more independence. Traditionally, the early children educators concentrate on the children’s verbal expressions of their feelings, ideas, and thoughts with references to the play (Rinaldi, Dahlberg, Moss, 2006). However, the educators who support the Reggio Emilia approach pay attention to the fact that children are able to present their ideas using a lot of graphic languages and participating in the project work. Children can rethink their real-life experiences with the help of drawing and painting, presenting their own interpretation of the objects from their environment and contributing to the development of their emotions and mental skills (Gandini, 1993). The Reggio Emilia approach is discussed as the progressive approach the principles of which are not used in the educational practices widely. For inst ance, the project work with using hundreds of languages for representing the children’s ideas and feelings as the method of the early childhood education is not used in the education system of Saudi Arabia. The context of the education of Saudi Arabia can be discussed as familiar for me. It is necessary to state that the early childhood education in the country is based on the custodial care.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Basing on my own experience, I can note that the educators pay much attention to the traditional development of children’s abilities to express their feelings and thoughts while playing and verbally. Moreover, it is important to focus on the differences in educational approaches according to the gender characteristics. Nevertheless, the idea of ‘defamiliarising’ objects is used as the part of many educational techniques. However, the resu lts of the usage of this method can be referred to the activities which differ from those ones typical for the Reggio Emilia approach significantly, especially for influencing the method of assessing activities (Hatherly Richardson, 2007). Thus, educators in Saudi Arabia pay much attention to children’s examining the objects of the world surround them, but the results of the observations are not used in the projects work as the part of the early childhood education. From this point, the Reggio Emilia approach is rather controversial to be followed in the Islamic society. References Gandini, L. (1993). Fundamentals of the Reggio Emilia approach to early childhood education. Young Children, 49(1), 4-8. Hatherly, A., Richardson, C. (2007). Building connections: Assessment and evaluation revisited. In L. Keesing-Styles H. Hedges (Eds.), Theorizing early childhood practice: Emerging dialogues (pp. 51-70). Castle Hill, NSW: Pademelon Press. Katz, L. (1998). What can we learn fro m Reggio Emilia? In C. Edwards, L. Gandini, G. Forman (Eds.), The hundred languages of children: The Reggio Emilia approach – advanced reflections (pp. 27-50). New Jersey: Ablex Publishing. Rinaldi, C., Dahlberg, G., Moss, P. (2006). In dialogue with Carlina Rinaldi: A discussion between Carlina Rinaldi, Gunilla Dahlberg and Peter Moss. In C. Rinaldi (Ed.), In Dialogue with Reggio Emilia: Listening, researching and learning (pp. 134-160). Oxon: Routledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Experience of Reggio Emilia Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Experience of Reggio Emilia Critique was written and submitted by user Bright Hen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Success of the American Revolution essays

The Success of the American Revolution essays In 1775, war broke out between the British and the American colonists. By 1776, the colonists had declared their independence, and after eight years of a prolonged and bloody war, in 1783 Britain was forced to recognize the independence of the United States. Many people never thought that the Americans would win the battle. Their chances of winning were very little at the beginning. The British should have won the Revolution easily because their government was the most powerful in the world at that time. But due to key American military victories and advantages, the British were defeated. There are certain inevitabilities about American success. First, there is the domestic enthusiasm in the United States. Americans went to war to defend the inalienable rights of man to life, liberty. It had only one objective to accomplish to win the Revolution, and that was to hold out until the end of the war. The Americans could do this because they were fighting for their freedom, which was of great importance to them. The war took place on American soil; they were fighting at home, so the British had to bring troops and supplies from across a wide ocean, which favored the Americans by making it hard on Britain to control their troops. Also, the war was unpopular in Britain, which did not encourage their people to want to fight. Second, the founding fatherWashington's leadership was another one of the main factors in American success. It seems fair to say that the American Revolution could hardly have succeeded without him. He was honest, brave, and sure that the Americans could win. He never gave up hope that he would reach that goal . "I can answer but for three things, a firm belief in the justice of our Cause, close attention in the prosecution of it, and the strictest integrity" (1967 p28). He used his steadfast but badly equipped armies to weaken the forces of the king. Time and again when defeat seemed unavoidable, his strategy turned t...

Auntie Mame Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Auntie Mame - Essay Example Auntie Mame does not hide her lifestyle from Patrick, and she takes care of him with as much honesty and assurance, as she possibly can. Mame is appointed to raise Patrick by her brother as the legal guardian, but when Patrick arrives at her house, she is hosting a party for other people. She feels sorry about that, and she asks Norah, Patrick’s nanny, â€Å"But why didn’t you tell me you were coming today? I’d never have been giving this party† (10). After Auntie Mame laments on her mistake, she happily embraces and kisses him, giving him the reassurance that he is safe. Auntie Mame is also very proud to have Patrick around, as she goes around and introduces him to her guests. Her pride is apparent from her statement that â€Å"This is my brother’s son and now he’s going to be my little boy† (13). After Mame welcomes Patrick into her home, she apologizes for her mistake and promises him that they will talk more the following day. This relationship is an exemplary example of the importance of honesty, acceptance and assurance to a child. Mame does not want to hide anything from Patrick, and she readily admits that she has made a mistake for forgetting about his arrival and hosting a party. Her behavior also provides him with comfort and makes him feel cared for and safe. Auntie Mame and Patrick not only share a child-parent relationship, but also a youngster-mentor bond. For instance, Patrick looks up to her aunt to learn the difficult words that she uses in her conversations with other people. When Mame finds out that Patrick does not comprehend her words most of the time, she is happy to have the chance to teach him or engage in â€Å"molding a little new life† (19). She instructs Patrick to write all the words that he does not understand for later explanation. Patrick seems very excited about this learning process because he â€Å"immediately wrote down six new words which Auntie Mame said to scratch o ut and forget† (19). Patrick’s father stated in his will that he would like him to be sent to â€Å"conservative schools†, but Mame thinks that the schools are â€Å"dull†, â€Å"tiresome† and â€Å"tedious†, and she wants him to go to her friend’s new school since it is â€Å" Coeducational and completely revolutionary and all classes are held in the nude under ultraviolet rays† (20). Many parents or adult guardians give their children a strict education and make it an obligatory and tiresome process, but Mame tries to make education a fun and engaging process. This not only promotes Patrick’s willingness to learn new information, but it also increases his curiosity in learning about life’s experiences. Even though Mame faces many difficulties especially in regard to her financial problems, she does not give up taking care of Patrick. For instance, during the Great Depression, Mame’s investments fail, and s he can only have â€Å"two hundred dollars a month†, so she has to go to work in order to â€Å"keep Patrick in that wretched St. Boniface school† (40). Mame finds and engages in many jobs during this period, but none of them lasts long. For example, Mame becomes a copywriter at Vanity Fair and is fired due to inaccurate writing; she also works as a reader, but she loses the manuscript and gets fired. Mame keeps working and finding jobs to sustain her family until she meets and falls in love with Beau Burnside, who is a

New Venture Strategy - Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New Venture Strategy - Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The biggest consumers of electricity in Pakistan for non-public use are domestic or household consumers, as specified by the Government of Pakistan Finance Division, with the industrial consumers ranking in at number two (Finance.gov.pk, 2011). 2- Marketing Plan Market segments: Individual Customers The targeted group of people for this product will be the upper and upper middle classes of Pakistan. Based on the information available by the Federal Bureau of Statistics Pakistan these people will make up the topmost percentile of the urban population. (Statpak.gov.pk, 2008) As a group, the customers of this Solar Energy project will: Own a house Have a monthly household income of more than Rs26,000, majority of which will be contributed by their salaries, residential property and non agriculture activities Will belong to major metropolitan cities of Pakistan Appreciate the necessity of having alternative sources of energy, especially for household use Upper Class: The upper class indi viduals of Pakistan have high incomes through business, land-ownership or profession; they have a very carefree lifestyle because they have the means and the money to live as they want. They live in highly modern, well-equipped houses. They are mostly self-employed or are top level management in big multinational companies. They also like to travel. Upper Middle Class: They have sufficient yearly income to sustain a decent standard of living. Well educated and hard working people, they live in self-owned houses and have good jobs at respectable places. Housing Projects Market Another target segment for the company is that group of builders, contractors and architects who are involved in the house building market. They are actively involved in creating houses and then selling them. They will be very interested in a company that can offer them to create solar power services for the entire house. Competition Energy is provided to the Pakistani consumer by the government through its ent ity called WAPDA (except in Karachi). However, increasing demand and limited supply – which shall be discussed in detail later – has rendered the government incapable to servicing all customers. There have been private companies which have identified this huge market opportunity and offer various solutions. In the solar energy field, there are many small companies that are importers of the solar equipment and offer various solutions to their clients. Some of the few key players in the industry are: 1. Trillium Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd: Located in Lahore, this company offers various solar energy products including Solar Modules of various capacities, rectifiers, charge Controllers, solar pumps and inverters (Trillium-pakistan.com, 2011) 2. Siemens Pakistan: They offer solar energy solutions, according to their website , in telecom solutions such as optical fibre and exchanges, water pumping, household use, lighting and highway communication. Most of their work seems for profe ssional and industrial use. (Siemens.com.pk, 2011) The alternative energy sector in Pakistan is very new and is undergoing constant change through new entrants and failing companies. While there are some companies in Pakistan which offer alternative solutions for energizing household products such as solar system for grill and solar system for water

On the Front Lines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On the Front Lines - Research Paper Example This leads to area of research that had been conducted by this study, concerning the major developments of Christianity in India. This conduct will explain the nature of Christianity, and later on will depict the primitive and contemporary settings of India in the light of Christianity. 2. Christianity Christianity is delved in from the belief of the sole savior Jesus Christ. It has influenced the universe since 6BC--the birth of Jesus Christ up to date. The story of Christianity commences in the birth, life and death of God the Son. He is Jesus Christ, the one who was raised in Nazareth. 2 However, the death and resurrection of Jesus is more significant than His birth. This suggests that the notion of celebration of Christmas was held 400 years before it took over.3 From then, the next 200 years had opened the notion of Christmas that was developed through the veneration of Mary and the three wise men.4 The latter is being explained in this context because Christianity focuses on th ese significant happenings of the life of Jesus Christ. The life of Jesus is the salient factor that can view as the foundation of belief of Christians. Through His life, many significant notions can be cherished and be emulated for a greater purpose in life. Furthermore, over the years, Christianity has faced many challenges, including some creeds, such as Hindus and Muslims, 5 and the challengers Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and John Galvin. 6 The Bible had been questioned and its vernacular locus became a centric issue. Most significantly, the emergence of doctrines concerning the relationship of God and humanity also had created ambiguity of belief for other Christians. 7 As the result, the Western nations devalue the prominence of religion because they perceive that religion is no longer significant. This is the result of the proliferating number of creeds, which creates ambiguities in the perception of the public. As the world takes the pace of growth each day, Christianity has been delving favorable feedback to the encounters and responses of emerging community concerns and challenges made by some established beliefs, such as communism, materialism, and atheism. However risky the challenges are, Christianity has still able to combat with a decline in Western nations and is incremental in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.8 Moreover, there was a prediction that Christianity would vanish in the years to come. Such theory has been upheld by erstwhile Beatle John Lennon when he delineated in 1966 that â€Å"Christianity will go.† 9 As the world progresses, many pundits have come to support the notion of Lennon. Despite the detrimental number of Christian populace in the modern setting, it must be precise that such prediction is unfounded. As what Blainey delineates: â€Å"Christianity has repeatedly been reinvented. Every religious revival is a reflection of a previous state of decline; but no revival and perhaps no decline is permanent.† 10 3 . The Indian Setting Primitive. Christianity was finally named in India when in the 14th century Syrian traders went through the course of Kerala.11 The transition was assisted by foreign contract, which comprised Christian traders. 12 From then on, another clusters in the shadow of the Europeans arrived in

Introduction Of Melamine Milk History Essay

Introduction Of Melamine Milk History Essay In 2008, Chinese milk was a food safety incident in China involving milk, infant formula, other food materials and components added with melamine. Melamine is used to manufacture melamine-formaldehyde resin a type of plastic known for its flame retardant properties. They added melamine that has nitrogen-rich and is illegally added to food products to increase their apparent protein content. It has also been used as non-protein nitrogen in soy meal, corn gluten meal and cottonseed meal used in cattle feed. Melamine is known to cause renal and urinary problems in humans and animals when it reacts with cyanuric acid inside the body sometimes in drinking water and in animal feed. The Kjeldahl and Dumas test the protein levels fail to distinguish between nitrogen in melamine and naturally occurring in amino acids allowing the protein levels to be falsified. Introduced into milk, it can help conceal its fraudulent dilution with water. November 2008 China reported 300,000 victims, six infants dying from kidney stones and other kidney damage. The chemical appeared to have been added to milk in order to cause it to appear to have higher protein content. In a separate incident four years before, watered-down milk had resulted in 13 infant deaths from malnutrition. The scandal broke on 16 July, after sixteen infants in Gansu Province who had been fed on milk powder produced by Shijiazhuang-based Sanlu Group were diagnosed with kidney stones. After the initial focus on Sanlu market leader in the budget segment government inspections revealed the problem existed to a lesser degree in products from 21 other companies. The issue raised concerns about food safety and political corruption in mainland China, and damaged the reputation of Chinas food exports with at least 11 countries stopping all imports of mainland Chinese dairy products. A number of arrests occurred as a result of the scandal; the head of Sanlu, seven local government officials, as well as the Director of the Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) were fired or forced to resign in response to the incident. In late October 2008, similar adulteration with melamine was discovered in eggs and possibly other food, traced to melamine being added to animal feed-despite a ban imposed in June 2007 following the scandal over pet food exported to the United States. As of July 2010, Chinese authorities were still reporting some seizures of melamine-contaminated dairy product in some provinces, though it was unclear whether these new contaminations constituted wholly new adulterations or were the result of illegal reuse of material from the 2008 adulterations Source of contamination The World Health Organization (WHO) said that melamine may be found in a variety of milk and milk products at varying levels, from low (part per billion) ppb to (part per million) ppm ranges. One academic suggests it may have been part of the food chain in China for a long time, as cyromazine (a melamine derivative) is a very commonly used poison in China. Cyromazine is absorbed into plants as melamine, and may therefore be present in the food chain, which includes poultry, eggs, fish, and dairy products. It is not known where in the supply chain the melamine was added to the milk. The chemical is not water-soluble and must be mixed with formaldehyde or another chemical before it can be dissolved in milk. Caijing reported that spiking fresh milk with additives such as melamine was no longer a secret to Hebei dairy farmers for the past two years. Caijing reported that the melamine in the tainted milk may have come from scrap melamine costing  ¥700 per tone less than one-tenths of the price of 99% pure industrial grade melamine. The melamine production process produces pure melamine by crystallization; the melamine remaining in the mother liquor is impure (70%) and unusable for plastics, so it is scrapped. It said that Sanlus baby formula melamine content was a result of tampering by adding low cost vegetable protein (such as low grade soya powder), and large amounts of scrap melamine as filler. Scrap melamine contains impurities such as cyanuric acid that form more insoluble crystals than melamine alone, aggravating the problem. Victims On 17 September 2008, Health Minister Chen Zhu stated that tainted milk formula had sickened more than 6,200 children, and that more than 1,300 others, mostly newborns, remain hospitalized with 158 suffering from acute kidney failure. By 23 September, about 54,000 children were reported to be sick and 4 had died. An additional 10,000 cases were reported from the provinces by 26 September. A World Health Organization official said 82 percent of the children made ill were 2 years of age or below. The Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety said that 99% of victims were aged less than 3 years. Ten of Hong Kong children were diagnosed with kidney problems at least four cases were detected in Macau and six in Taiwan. Non-human included a lion cub and two baby orangutans which had been fed Sanlu milk powder at Hangzhou Zoo. The government said on 8 October it would no longer issue updated figures because it is not an infectious disease, so its not absolutely necessary for us to announce it to the public. Compiled figures reported by local media across the country, and said the toll stood at nearly 94,000 at the end of September, excluding municipalities. Besides that, 13,459 children had been affected in Gansu, Reuters quoted Xinhua saying. Henan had reported over 30,000 cases, and Hebei also had nearly 16,000 cases. In late October, the government announced that health officials had surveyed 300,000 Beijing families with children of less than 3 years of age. It disclosed that approximately 74,000 families had a child who had been fed melamine-tainted milk, but did not reveal how many of those children had fallen ill as a result. Due to the many months before the scandal was exposed, media suggests that official figures are likely to be understated. Kidney stones in infants started being reported in several parts of China in the past two years. A number of yet to be officially acknowledged cases were reported on by the media. However, those deaths without an official verdict may be denied compensation. On 1 December, Xinhua reported that the Ministry of Health revised the number of victims to more than 290,000 and 51,900 hospitalized authorities acknowledged receiving reports of 11 suspected deaths from melamine contaminated milk powder from provinces, but officially confirmed 3 deaths On treatment of urinary stones in affected infants, the New England Journal of Medicine printed an editorial in March 2009, along with reports on cases from Beijing, Hong Kong and Taipei. Urinary calculi specimens were collected from 15 cases treated in Beijing and were analyzed as unknown objects for their components at Beijing Institute of Microchemistry using infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high performance liquid chromatography. The result of the analysis showed that the calculus was composed of melamine and uric acid and the molecular ratio of uric acid to melamine was around 2:1. In a study published in 2010, researchers from Peking University studying ultrasound images of infants who fell ill in the 2008 contamination found that while most children in a rural Chinese area recovered, 12 per cent still showed kidney abnormalities six months later. The potential for long-term complications after exposure to melamine remains a serious concern, the report said. Our results suggest a need for further follow-up of affected children to evaluate the possible long-term impact on health, including renal function. Sanlu group The scandal began with revelations of contamination of Sanlu milk products. The New Zealand dairy cooperative Fonterra which owns a 43% stake in Sanlu, said they were alerted to melamine contamination on 2 August (almost a month before the issue became public), and have said to have pushed hard for a full public recall. Although there was an immediate trade recall, Fonterra said that local administrators refused an official recall Apologize On 15 September, the company issued a public apology for the contaminated milk powder. Sanlu was ordered to halt production, and to destroy all unsold and recalled products. Authorities reportedly seized 2,176 tons of milk powder in Sanlus warehouses. An estimated 9,000 tons of product had been recalled. Tian Wenhua, Chairwoman and General Manager of Sanlu and Secretary of the Sanlu Communist Party chapter was stripped of her party and functional posts during an extraordinary meeting of the Hebei provincial standing committee of the four Shijiazhuang officials, including vice mayor in charge of food and agriculture, Zhang Fawang, were reportedly removed from office. Shijiazhuang Mayor Ji Chuntang resigned on 17 September. Li Changjiang minister in charge of the AQSIQ was forced to resign on 22 September after the State Council inquest concluded that he was responsible for the negligence in supervision. Investigators also blamed the Shijiazhuang government. Local Party Secretary Wu Xi anguo was fired on the same day. Arrests Sanlu GM Tian was charged under Articles 144 and 150 of the criminal code. A spokesman for the Hebei Provincial Public Security Department said police had arrested 12 milk dealers and suppliers who allegedly sold contaminated milk to Sanlu, and six people were charged with selling melamine. 300  kg of suspicious chemicals, including 223  kg of melamine, were confiscated. Among those arrested were two brothers who ran a milk collection centre in Hebei for allegedly supplying three tones of adulterated milk daily to the dairy the owner of another collection centre which resold seven tons of milk a day to Sanlu, was arrested, and his operation was shut down. Zhang Yujun (alias Zhang Haitao), a former dairy farmer from Hebei, produced more than 600 tons of a protein powder mixture of melamine and maltodextrin from September 2007 to August 2008. He and eight other traders, cattle farm owners and milk purchasers who bought the powder from him were arrested in early October, bringing the total to 36. During the week of 22 December 2008, 17 people involved in producing, selling, buying and adding melamine in raw milk went on trial. Tian Wenhua, former Sanlu general manager and three other company executives appeared in court in Shijiazhuang, charged with producing and selling milk contaminated with melamine. According to Xinhua, Tian pleaded guilty, and told the court she learned about the tainted milk complaints from consumers in mid-May. She then apparently headed a working team to handle the case, but did not report to the Shijiazhuang city government until 2 August. The Intermediate Peoples Court in Shijiazhuang sentenced Zhang Yujun and Geng Jinping to death, Tian Wenhua to life in prison, on 22 January 2009. Zhang was convicted for producing 800 tons of the contaminated powder, Geng for producing and selling toxic food. The China Daily reported Geng had knelt on the courtroom floor and begged the victims families for forgiveness during the trial. The court also sentenced Sanlu deputy general managers Wang Yuliang and Hang Zhiqi to fifteen years and eight years in jail respectively, former manager Wu Jusheng to five years. Several defendants have appealed. Zhang Yujun and Geng Jinping were executed on 24 November 2009. Effect on the company The value of the company plunged as a result of the scandal. On 24 September, Fonterra announced that it had written down the carrying value of its investment by NZ$139  million (two-thirds), reflecting the costs of product recall and the impairment of the Sanlu brand because of the criminal contamination of milk. By 27 September, China Daily reported that Sanlu was close to bankruptcy, and might be taken over by the Beijing Sanyuan Foods Company. The company is also facing lawsuits from parents. The Beijing Review said that Sanlu expects to have to pay compensation claims totaling 700  million, and it became clear that the company would be broken up and sold. On 25 December, Shijiazhuang court accepted a creditors bankruptcy petition against Sanlu. Media commentators expected the Sanlu distribution network to be sold. Trade and industry impact for Chinese industry The State Council ordered the testing of product of all dairy producers, and to this end, some 5,000 inspectors were dispatched. The mainland Chinese market has grown at an average annual rate of 23% since 2000. In 2006, milk production reached 30  million tons, ten times the volume of a decade before. It was valued at some  ¥122  billion (US$18  billion) in 2007, and consumers have severely lost confidence in the industry. The events have exposed the often incestuous relationship between local business and local government. In addition to the tax revenues to local authorities Sanlu contributed  ¥330  million in 2007, many companies invite local officials to become silent partners in their corporations in return for protection at the political level; former Sanlu chairman Tian Wenhua, was made honorary deputy to the Provincial Peoples Congress. The scandal has also highlighted structural problems of inadequate production volume, inherent quality issues, and poor production methods. The Inner Mongolia region produces over one-fourth of Chinas milk and Mengniu and Yili have invested millions to establish state-of-the-art dairy facilities in its capital, Hohhot the companies still rely on small-scale farmers for over 90% of their production because of the capacity constraint of the modern facilities. Both companies were said by farmers and agents to have habitually purchased milk which failed quality tests, for only two-thirds the normal price. A new policy was put in place on 17 September to stop that practice. Foreign operations in China Mengniu-Arla, joint-venture between Danish/Swedish co-operative Arla Foods and Mengniu halted production on 16 September 2008 after three out of 28 tests taken from Mengniu showed traces of melamine; contaminated batches had been recalled.Mengniu, milk supplier to Starbucks was replaced by Vitasoy when the coffee retailer eschewed milk in favor of soya milk in its China operations. KFC also suspended selling Mengniu milk. Tokyo-headquartered Lotte Group a major snacks maker, recalled its Koalas March cookies in Hong Kong and Macau because of contamination, and promised to look deeply into all the details of the manufacturing process in order to preserve customer confidence. The range was also ordered off Dutch and Slovakian shelves. Its Chocolate Pie was seized when samples tested positive in Malta. On 29 September, British confectionery group Cadbury withdrew all of its 11 chocolate products made in its three Beijing factories, on suspicion of melamine contamination. The recall affected the mainland China markets, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Australia. Tests in Hong Kong found excessive amounts of melamine in China-made Dairy Milk products. On 30 September, Unilever recalled its Lipton milk tea powder after the companys internal checks found traces of melamine in the Chinese milk powder used as an ingredient Heinz recalled cases of baby cereal in Hong Kong after discovering they contained melamine. Nestlà ©s factory in Heilongjiang was also implicated: the Taiwanese Department of Health forced the delisting of six Neslac and KLIM products on 2 October for containing minute traces of melamine, although the minister said they did not pose a significant health risk. Since the milk crisis broke, Nestlà © says it has sent 20 specialists from Switzerland to 5 of its Chinese plants to strengthen chemical testing. On 31 October, it announced the opening of a $10.2  million Beijing research and development centre, to serve as the base and the reference in food safety for Nestlà © in Greater China. Nestlà © Chief Technology Officer said that the centre was equipped with highly sophisticated analytical tools for detecting trace amounts of residues and undesirable compounds like melamine or veterinary drugs or natural toxins http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal EFFECT ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADVANTAGES: No problem of dead baby. No problem of infant breast. DISADVANTAGES: Loss job. Increase in countrys income. Relationship between local business and local government. Ruin relationship with other country. CONCLUSION The foods that have melamine content bring bad impact not only to the customers who are using the product but to the producer. It also gives impact to the China industry. It also makes consumer loss confident to the industry. RECOMMENDATION Government must test the product before market it. Government must take action to the people who make poison product. The organization should run their business with honestly and do not take advantages. Customer should careful before their buy the product.

Gun Control Essay -- Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

Gun Control Gun control is an action of the government that is supposed to reduce crime. Congress has passed many laws on this subject and there really has not been an effect. Gun control has been a controversial issue for years, but the citizens of the United States have a right to own guns and the Constitution states that. On the government's path to control guns they created the Brady Act. Handgun Control Incorporated is the major organization for lobbying, and introducing legislation on gun control. It is headed by Sarah Brady, wife of former White House Press Secretary James Brady. James Brady was shot during an attempt on President Reagan's life in 1981. Sarah is the one responsible for introducing this bill. This bill was supposed to stop criminals from obtaining guns. If an individual wants a firearm bad enough, chances are they will get one (Brennen and Polsby). All it does Is prevent honest people from being able to purchase guns. The person purchasing the gun has to wait for two week while the government performs a background check. The problem with this is it stops the average citizen from purchasing a gun on the whim, while it protects the common criminal. What if a burglar enters a house with full intention to maim or kill? The innocent victim can not get a gun to protect his family because he was arrested seven years ago for drunk driving (Larson). According to the General Accounting Office, in the first seventeen months of the law's existence only seven criminals were convicted for attempting to buy a handgun. Banning more and more guns may reduce gun violence, but it will not eliminate guns from society and will only lead to more and bigger problems. While continuing to take more freedom away from the Ame... ...Banning guns will not solve the crime problem it will only change the method. If guns are not available then another weapon will be used or an older gun. Simple laws will not stop a person who is determined to cause someone harm. This is why people should be allowed to own and carry guns. This allows them to protect themselves from those kinds of people. Proper education in school and other places to teach how to use a gun and to respect guns as a dangerous weapon is what is needed to reduce gun violence in the future. If we allow the government to ban guns the American people will be defenseless and powerless to stop the government from taking over or to stop an outside invasion if either were to occur. This country was born because the citizens were armed and could fight for themselves. How can we remove the very object that helped give our country its freedom?

Constitutional Assignment

Introduction Interpretation of the Australian Constitution has undergone significant changes throughout Australia's Constitutional history. To highlight the number of different approaches, this paper will critique the method of constitutional interpretation used In Cole v Whitfield (â€Å"Cole†) with reference to the words â€Å"absolutely free† and compare it to the progressive approach in Rowe v Electoral Commissioner (â€Å"Rowe†). For completeness, this paper will outline any other major branches of interpretation not examined in Cole and Rowe.Then, the discussion will focus on the reasons for regressive as the preferred approach for interpreting the Constitution. Cole v Whitfield – Interpretative Method and Critique The High Court used originality in its interpretation of section 92 in its Judgment in Cole v Whitfield . Kirby defines originality as interpreting the constitution by ‘ascertaining what the words meant according to the original inte ntions of the founders'.Mason refer this as internationals (for the purpose of this paper, It will be referred as original Intent In the unanimous decision, the court overruled the view that â€Å"absolutely free† In section 92 of the Constitution protected a personal individual right of freedom In Interstate trade. Rather It means free trade between the states from measures characterized as ‘discriminatory and ‘protectionist. ‘ In aiding its interpretation, the court relied on historical materials to assist in determining the meaning of section 92 and contextual analysis to further validate their claim.To identify meaning of â€Å"absolutely free†, the court broke with tradition by using Convention draft and debate materials to support their reasoning. The high court said: ‘Reference to history may be made†¦ For the purpose of Identifying the contemporary meaning of language used, the subject to which that language was directed and the nat ure and objectives of the movement towards federation from which the compact of the Constitution finally emerged'.From these historical papers, the court looked at the surrounding circumstances leading up to federation to ascertain whether the purpose of the provision was in line with what they were trying to do; and that is to create a federal system that caters for a unified financial framework. From this, the court said the ‘purpose of the section is clear enough†¦ To create free trade amongst the Commonwealth and states like' and there can be no doubt that ass guarantees absolute freedom †¦ Room all interstate border duties Nevertheless, one of the major critiques of original Intent Is the ability to Identify the founders' Intention. To derive a meaning of the words â€Å"absolutely free† from historical materials predominantly relies on certain assumptions that are inherently flawed, namely ; materials are accurate and intention for unforeseen matters and the lack guidelines to source historical materials. The Convention debates are incomplete and inconclusive. More importantly, it does to include assumptions on how the federal system ought to operate within the common law.Griffith CO in Municipal Council of Sydney v The Commonwealth helpfully said of Convention Debates: ‘They are no higher than parliamentary debates, and are not to be referred to except for the purpose of seeing what was the subject-matter of discussion, what was the evil to be remedied, and so forth. ‘ Additionally, the majority in â€Å"Work Choice Case† observed that: ‘To pursue the identification of what is said to be the framers' intention, much more often than not, is to pursue a mirage.It is a mirage because the inquiry assumes that it is both possible and useful to attempt to work out a single collective view about what is now a disputed question of power, but then was not present to the minds of those who contributed to the debates . ‘ Furthermore, if we assume the Convention Debates are complete, there is no evidence to suggest the framers put in what they intended. The Convention Debate would involve different states coming together and agreeing to be regulated under one system of government.In that process, the states would argue the meaning of he provisions, which power they were prepared to give up and the ones they would sustain post federation. The result would at best be a compromise between their interests and subsequently cannot reflect their true intentions. This is evidenced in the Work Choice Case the majority found the Convention Debates reveal very little about what those who framed the Constitution thought would fall within or outside the power'.Even if we were to take it one step further and assume that the framers did expressed what they truly intended, it is near impossible for them to cater for unforeseen matters that arise in an ever changing society. An example is set in Work Choice Case where the court identified that corporations ‘in the economic life of Australia today is radically different from the place they occupied when the framers were considering †¦ Legislative powers†¦ ‘ and that it was impossible to attribute to them some intention about how this legislative power operates in respect of these or other subsequent legal, economic, and social developments'.Lastly, the validity of the historical materials is disputable insofar as the lack of deadlines on how these materials ought to be sourced. There is no clear historical procedure or method in place to ascertain framers' intention. Little comfort can be derived from getting a genuine intended meaning particularly in assessing which of the sources are relevant and which ones are reliable. This is again demonstrated in the Work Choice Case. This is problematic as differences in historical materials may lead to differences in Judicial views. meaning of the section 92 because it dra ws on the idea of a federal system; this impression is reinforced by the context provided by the surrounding provisions, ass-91 deal with fiscal charges and burdens†¦ Appearing in CHI IV of the Constitution which is headed â€Å"Finance and Trade. The court looked at the provision in context to what the purpose of federation and noted that the meaning of â€Å"absolutely free† has not changed, thus concluded that freedom is to mean free from discriminatory burdens in the protectionist sense between interstate trade and commerce .A major limit in making implications via contextual interpretation is that critique will say that it does not stay true to the text of the constitution. In response o this, it is maintained that the text of the constitution only takes on meaning when it is viewed in the context of the overarching structure and function of the constitution. ‘ A more detailed discussion on contextual analyses in discussed in Rowe below.Rowe v Electoral Commi ssioner (â€Å"Rowe†) In contrast to Cole whereby the whole court unanimously agreed on its interpretation approach, the Judgment in Rowe v Electoral Commissioner provides a range of different constitutional interpretation methods. The French Court has taken on a progressive approach in interpreting the words ‘directly chosen by the people' in sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution. Accordingly, it was held certain provisions in the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1902 (Act) contravened sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution because the right to vote is democratic and is supported and protected by the constitution .Underpinning their progressivism interpretation of the constitution, the majority Judges relied on the implied meaning from the text of the constitution (contextual approach) based on accepted principles of the Constitution and authority of precedent cases. Progressivism (otherwise known as the â€Å"living tree† institutionalism), believes that the court sho uld construe the Constitution ‘so as to bring it into accord with modern needs and exigencies'.It is understandable why the French court opted for a progressivism approach because the words â€Å"chosen for the people† back in the sass would only mean those who were allowed to vote (this excluded women and Indigenous Australians) . The evolution of Australia's democratic society has significantly changed since 1901 as evidenced by Incitement and Jacobs J] in Mckinley and cited by French CO that the right to vote was subject to he common understanding of the time'.It is of the view of the writer that any other interpretation of methods used here could not possibly embrace the modern view of Australian democracy simply because the framers could not have foreseen how democracy evolved over time. Thus, it is not practical to apply a 1900 federation system to modern day society as evidenced by Dean J in Diaphanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd; â€Å"The Constitution must be construed as a â€Å"living force† representing the will and the intentions of all contemporary Australians, both women & men, and not as a lifeless declaration of the will and the intentions of men long since dead. Contextual constitution and the principles it was set up to uphold. ‘ With constitutional principles of representative government , democracy and federalism, firmly embedded into our legal system, the Judges relied on implication from the actual text of the Constitution. Thus, â€Å"chosen by the people† should be interpreted to mean creating a system of representative democracy because it is in the context of the Constitution that is aiming to set up .More precisely, the court viewed those words as an implied right to vote. Whilst Cole v Whitfield used contextual analysis, the difference here is with Cole, the implication was based on the structure of the Constitution and in Rowe, the implication was sought directly from the text and that the meaning accords with accepted principles of interpretation. These two kinds of implication are outlined by Mason C. J. In â€Å"Act's†.The majority Judgment relied on precedent to conclude the legislative curtailment of the right to vote is constitutionally invalid. All the members of the court relied on the test established in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (â€Å"Lange†) and relied upon in Roach. As stated by the High Court in Lange, the requirement set out in section 7 and 24 'embraces all that is necessary to effectuate the free election of representatives at periodic elections'.All of the Judicial consideration of the term â€Å"directly chosen by the people† supports the view that sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution extend to an implied right to vote and this was substantiated by the authority of McKinley v Commonwealth , Mincing v Western Australia , Lang and Roach. It is important to note here, whilst this court relied on the precedent to aid in TTS interpretation, the court in Cole overruled nearly 88 years of law by reinstating the meaning of ass.The dissenting Judges Haynes J and Hoyden J preferred various versions of originality, which is slightly different to Cole v Whitfield internationalist approach. The former (Haynes J) found the ‘evolution of the concept of â€Å"representative government† could not evolve into a constitutional norm' as there was no text and structure' of it contained in the Constitution and the latter relied on what the words originally mean in the sass; that is, the question is what meaning skilled lawyers and other informed observers considered those words to bear in the sass' .He concluded that although suffrage at federation did not conform to modern values, this is not a reason to ignore what the means and applications of the word ‘chosen by the people' in the federation age were'. Is one of these methods of Interpretation preferable to any other? For the purpose of comple teness, there is another interpretative method that is not discussed above and that is Literalism. Craven describes literalism as interpreting the Constitution by their ordinary – that is their literal meaning.This is evidenced in the Engineers case whereby the court overturns the reserve state powers doctrine and held that the states only have residual power over matters in section 51 of the Constitution. The obvious advantage of literalism is that it is â€Å"objective† in the sense that Judges does not need to use external materials thus promotes certainty. The fundamental flaw in this approach firstly it ignores implications and secondly, the English language is by its very nature is ambiguous ambiguity can be overcome by using historical materials to determine the framers intentions.The critics will argue that intention is difficult to identify and does not cater for the progression of a nation . It is asserted here that originality and intentionality does have a role in constitutional interpretation albeit a small role. Sir Daryl Dawson in his (Intention and the constitution) states that original intent ‘provides a starting point for the determination of individual cases. ‘ Progressivism as defined in Rowe (above) allows the constitution to be interpreted to the needs of a contemporary society.One of the main critic of progressivism is that it is arbitrary even unelected Judges can ultimately state what the contemporary society views is. On a closer examination, this supposition is unfounded. Kirby argues that the constitution itself and the words in it create limits on Judicial interpretation. Furthermore he argues that the common law structure is there with a long history of precedents, which has been Written down.. Expositions been duly recorded.. To make up the great body of common law. That is, the Judges still need to work within the common law system in light of the Judgments that went before them.This is slighted in the Engineers case , whereby Knox q, Isaacs, Rich and Starker J said that the Constitution should be read ‘naturally in the light of the circumstances in which it was made, with knowledge of the combined fabric of the common law, and the statute law which preceded it'. The history, common law and text of the constitution itself represents the various constraints that Judges need to work with and thus, cannot be viewed as arbitrary. Conclusion Coles intentionality method of interpretation has many flaws inherent in its approach and by definition does not cater for our contemporary society.This is in contrast to Rowe which adopted a progressivism approach and interpreted the words contingent upon external factors such as the context of the words in the Constitution as a whole and the underpinning values of the modern system and its structural framework. It is likely that history may set the context for the words of the provision and provide a starting point for constitutional interp retation but progressivism is the preferred approach as it encapsulates the needs of a changing society and ensures the interpretation is current, practical and logical.

How Teachers Can Create a Great Lesson Students Love

How Teachers Can Create a Great Lesson Students Love The best teachers can captivate their students’ attention day in and day out. Their students not only enjoy being in their class, but they look forward to the next day’s lesson because they want to see what is going to happen. Creating a great lesson together takes a lot of creativity, time, and effort. It is something that is well thought out with lots of planning. Though each lesson is unique, they all have similar components that make them exceptional. Every teacher has the ability to create engaging lessons that will mesmerize their students and keep them wanting to come back for more. A great lesson engages every student, ensures that every student is meeting the learning objectives, and motivates even the most reluctant learner. Characteristics of a Great Lesson A great lesson...is well planned. Planning starts with a simple idea and then slowly evolves into a tremendous lesson that will resonate with every student. A terrific plan ensures that all materials are ready to go before the lesson begins, is anticipatory of potential issues or problems, and takes advantage of opportunities to extend the lesson beyond its core concepts. Planning a great lesson takes time and effort. Careful planning gives each lesson a better chance to be a hit, to captivate each student, and to provide your students with meaningful learning opportunities. A great lesson†¦grabs students’ attention. The first few minutes of a lesson may be the most critical. Students will quickly decide whether or not they should devote their full attention to what is being taught. Every lesson should have a â€Å"hook† or â€Å"attention grabber† built into the first five minutes of the lesson. Attention grabbers come in many forms including demonstrations, skits, videos, jokes, songs, etc. Be willing to embarrass yourself a little bit if it will motivate your students to learn. Ultimately, you want to create an entire lesson that is memorable, but failing to grab their attention early on will likely keep that from happening. A great lesson†¦maintains students’ attention. Lessons should be outrageous and unpredictable throughout captivating each student’s attention. They should be fast-paced, loaded with quality content, and engaging. Time in class should fly by so quickly that you hear students grumbling when the class period is over each day. You should never see students drifting off to sleep, engaged in conversation about other topics, or expressing general disinterest in a lesson. As the teacher, your approach to every lesson must be passionate and enthusiastic. You must be willing to be a salesman, comedian, content expert, and magician all rolled into one. A great lesson†¦builds on previously learned concepts. There is a flow from one standard to the next. The teacher ties previously learned concepts into each lesson. This shows the students that various concepts are meaningful and connected. It is a natural progression of old into new. Each lesson increases in rigor and difficulty without losing students along the way. Each new lesson should be focused on extending learning from the previous day. By the end of the year, students should be able to make connections quickly as to how your first lesson ties into your last lesson. A great lesson  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is content driven. It has to have a connected purpose, meaning that all aspects of the lesson are built around critical concepts that students at a particular age should be learning. Content is typically driven by standards such as the Common Core State Standards that serve as a guide for what students are supposed to learn in each grade. A lesson that does not have relevant, meaningful content at its core is senseless and a waste of time. Effective teachers are able to build upon the content from lesson to lesson continuously throughout the year. They take a simple concept early on continuing to build upon it until it becomes something complex yet understood by their students because of the process. A great lesson†¦ establishes real-life connections. Everyone loves a good story. The best teachers are those who can incorporate vivid stories that tie in key concepts within the lesson helping students to make connections to real life. New concepts are typically abstract to students of any age. They rarely see how it is applicable to real life. A great story can make these real-life connections and often helps students remember concepts because they remember the story. Some subjects are easier to make these connections than others, but a creative teacher can find an interesting backstory to share on just about any concept. A great lesson†¦provides students with active learning opportunities. A majority of students are kinesthetic learners. They simply learn best when they are actively engaged in hands-on learning activities. Active learning is fun. Students not only have fun through hands-on learning, they often retain more information from this process. Students do not have to be active throughout an entire lesson, but having active components mixed in sporadically at appropriate times throughout the lesson will keep them interested and engaged. A great lesson†¦Ã¢â‚¬â€¹builds critical thinking skills. Students must develop problem-solving and critical thinking skills at an early age. If these skills are not developed early on, they will be almost impossible to acquire later on. Older students who have not been taught this skill may become discouraged and frustrated. Students must be taught to extend their answers beyond the ability to provide the correct answer alone. They also should develop the ability to explain how they arrived at that answer. Each lesson should have at least one critical thinking activity built into it forcing students to go beyond the typically straightforward answer. A great lesson†¦is talked about and remembered. It takes time, but the best teachers build a legacy. Students coming up look forward to being in their class. They hear all the crazy stories and cannot wait to experience it themselves. The hard part for the teacher is living up to those expectations. You have to bring your â€Å"A† game every single day, and this can become a challenge. Creating enough great lessons for each day is exhausting. It is not impossible; it just takes a lot of extra effort. Ultimately it is worth it when your students consistently perform well and even more importantly express how much they learned by being in your class. A great lesson†¦is continuously tweaked. It is always evolving. Good teachers are never satisfied. They understand that everything can be improved. They approach each lesson as an experiment, soliciting feedback from their students both directly and indirectly. They look at nonverbal cues such as body language. They look at overall engagement and participation. They look at diagnostic feedback to determine if students are retaining the concepts introduced in the lesson. Teachers use this feedback as a guide to what aspects should be tweaked and each year they make adjustments and then conduct the experiment again.

Publix Super Markets Macro Environment and Market Factors

Publix Super Markets Macro Environment and Market Factors Introduction Publix Super Markets macro environment include external and market factors in the domestic and global marketplace and market space that affect business operations and services delivery to customers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Publix Super Markets Macro Environment and Market Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering the industry of Publix Super Markets industry, the macro environment factors that affect its operation include societal factors such as the subculture, demographic factors, economic factors, the natural or physical environment, political/legal and technological factors. On the other hand, market factors include collaboration, competition, suppliers and regulation. The current study focuses on the macro environment and market factors and their implications on Publix. Society/sub-cultural factors The Publix Supermarket operates in an environment with customers of different cultural backgrounds and subcultures. Varying market highlights the need to consider sub cultural factors in the placement of products, brand selection and service to customers. With approximately one million people served by the company on a daily basis, the people belong to organizations, groups, subcultures and communities that influence their shopping. Operating mainly in the United States, especially in Florida, Tennessee, Atlanta and South Carolina, and the global market, the people come from subcultures that have different choices and levels of convenience. Different choice and preferences mean Publix must conduct adequate research to understand different market preferences. Especially on the aspect of eating, the preferences among people vary significantly. In the current age of information technology and enhanced communication, customers are growingly informed about products, their quality and health, which have implications on decision making at Publix. Customers often che ck product labelling to see nutritional information, which compels the supermarkets to increase product labelling and level of nutrition (Weinstein, 2004).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Demographics Demographic factors such as the population, household patterns, age distribution, levels of income and employment status affect customers shopping in the supermarkets. Some places have a large student population and people in employment, which highlights the need for ready to eat foods. With operation in places where most people are in employment, it means people have enough cash to spend, which requires the company to focus more on product quality and effective customer service. Demographic factors change constantly with implications for Publix, which must move at the pace of change to remain relevant in the markets and improve profitability (Weinstein, 2004). T he people want to feel and identify with the company and to this effect, Publix should engage in community development activities. People involvement resulted in the company’s involvement in community support initiatives such as reusable bags and product sourcing among other things (Weinstein, 2004). Economic factors Trends in the global and domestic market have major implications on Publix’s operations. Economic factors such as the high rate of unemployment, declining conditions in the market and downsizing among others affect Publix’s business. This relates mainly to the customers’ purchase and spending decision making, as they have to balance between competing priorities. Furthermore, the company operates in an environment with high fuel prices, high tax and interest rates, which have implications on the spending power of consumers and consequently the supermarket revenue. Indeed, low spending power of customers affects the business negatively as the l evel of profitability goes down and limited funds available for improvement (USSEC, 2010). To realize profitability, grow revenue and remain competitive in the industry, Publix must manage the economic factors properly. As seen in previous performances characterized by increased earnings over the years, it means the company is on the right track in managing economic factors (USSEC, 2010). The natural/physical environment Publix Super Markets operate in a demanding market place with advocating for environmental sustainability. Sustainability requires the company to operate according to environmental regulations, support and participate in activities aimed at improving the environment and maintaining safety standards. Above everything, efficiency of resource is important especially the use of water, energy and fuel.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Publix Super Markets Macro Environment and Market Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Company buildings should focus on reducing consumption and improving efficiency. For new buildings and facilities, efficiency should be a major consideration in the design process. To reduce water usage and improve water efficiency, Publix maintains the highest hygiene and health standards. Efficiency also requires the adoption of hybrid vehicles in the supply chain to minimize fuel usage. Similarly, environmental sustainability means the company employs and continues to research on alternatives for reducing, recycling and reusing materials (Publix, 2011). Political/legal factors The political aspect has major implication on the company operations. Political factors imply Publix should support politicians and political parties for business gain. With the influence of politicians, especially those in Congress in developing various industries, the company must support the ones who have interests in or support the grocery industry. Support for politics has been seen with the contribution of funds to support election bids for candidates across the political divide especially in the local House (Hamstra, 2008). Contributions to support politicians and political parties often come from the company, its employees, political action committee and employees’ families because of the common objectives. Politics relates to legal factors, as politicians develop laws and regulations at the federal, state and local levels of governance, which have implications on Publix operations (Weinstein, 2004). It requires the company to continue complying with legal requirements to avoid legal proceedings. Technological factors With technological advancements and information technology, Publix operates in an environment that demands for process efficiency. Efficient operations require the company to adopt information technology in all business functions. Connection of business units is important in enhancing information sharing to improve processes and un derstand the market better. Consequently, investment in new technology is necessary to leverage on the latest platforms and expand company architecture. The company has different functions powered by IT such as stock replenishment, assortment planning and workforce management among others (Publix, 2011).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Market factors Market factors such as collaboration, competition, suppliers and regulation have implications on Public performance. The implications are because the market factors contribute to the development of strategies and new approaches of achieving sustainable growth. Collaboration requires Publix to work with manufacturers and suppliers to enhance future business development through innovative growth tactics. With collaboration, Publix and manufacturers work on the most effective approaches of meeting the changing market trends and consumer preferences. Meeting demands is possible through common tactics to loyalty programs, supply chain management, innovation, in-store execution as well as sales promotion among other approaches. Collaboration contributes to a better understanding of new technological, merchandizing, demographic and marketing trends in the retailing and manufacturing industries. Collaboration is an important aspect in problem solving and building relationship s among stakeholders for sustainable growth. Collaboration presents unique opportunities and interactive platform to obtain an understanding, tactics and tools for best practice as a recipe for business growth (Weinstein, 2004). Competition and industry regulation are major factors affecting the industry and Publix operations. Competition is intense in the industry as major companies such as K-Mart, Wal-Mart and Sears operate in the same market with significant potential to challenge Publix. Intense competition highlights the need for enhancing customer loyalty through competitive pricing, product and service quality. Failure to achieve customer satisfaction and retention may result in switching to competitors, which has detrimental implications on Publix (Weinstein, 2004). With the high level of competition in the industry, there are strict industry regulation. Regulation in the industry is mainly in areas of food standards, environment and legal requirements. Food safety is a majo r factor, as the company must comply with food safety standards or face product recall from the market (Weinstein, 2004). The environment is critical and all process must comply with sustainability provisions. Above all the federal, state and local governments develop strict policies and lays aimed at regulating the industry. Regulations in the industry affect stakeholder throughout the value chain with the focus on effective relationships and delivering value to customers through certainty, fairness and transparency between stakeholders. Strict regulations mean the company must ensure process effectiveness and compliance. The market factors of regulation, competition, suppliers and collaboration influence the consumer’s experience. Exceptional customer experience is the ultimate goal of business. Market factors enhance stakeholders’ engagement, information sharing, identification of new technologies and growth opportunities, and improve business functions in the compa ny (Weinstein, 2004). Conclusion and recommendation Publix Supermarkets Inc. Is a major player in the grocery and retailing industry with the macro environment and market factors having significant implications on its business operations. The current study examined various macro environmental factors such as social, demographic, economic, technological, political, legal, and environmental factors that affect the company. It also discussed market factors such as collaboration, competition, suppliers and regulatory influence on Publix. Overall these factors play a role in developing and implementing strategies for sustainable growth in the marketplace. References Publix (2011). Corporate Sustainability Statements. Web. USSEC, (2010). Publix Corporation, Form 10-k. Web. Weinstein, A. (2004). Superior Customer Value in the New Economy: Concepts and  Cases. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.