The Causes of Wwi

The long-term causes 1. Colonial rivalry-competition for even bigger empires 2. Balkan nationalisim-the desire of the Slav peoples of this area to join those in the empire of Austria-Hungary 3. The arms race-competition for bigger armed forces and more armaments 4. The Anglo-German Naval Race 5. Kaiser Wilhelm II and German militarism 6. Alliance system-The Tripple Alliance and the Triple Entente The immediate cause of the war 1. The assassination of Franz-Ferdinand 2. Russia’s backing Serbia made war more likely 3. German backing for Austria was crucially important Colonial rivalry-competition for even bigger empiresCompetition between the Great Powers in Europe to gain colonies plays an important role in causing the WWI. By the beginning of the twentieth century, many great powers in Europe has built up their empires by holding colonies or ares. This is known as imperialism and as means when a country takes over new lands or countries and makes them subject to their rule. Ma ny countries such as the British Empire were at the peak of their industrial revolution and their developments of industries were huge. When industrialism occurs, countries need foreign markets to sell their increase in goods.Great Britain had the the largest number of colonies in the world so that King George V was also the Emperor of India and ruler of many other lands overseas. The great Empire took up nearly a quarter of the world’s land surface with 390 million of population of the colonies in 1914. And also France has the second largest empire in the world with colonies in Africa, the Far East and Indo-China. Those large number of colonies improved Britain’s and France’s dominance over the Europe and made them powerful and influential. The Germans were left with some small and commercially marginal colonies.There was a great deal of jealousy in Germany in regard to the British and French empires. The King of Germany , Kaiser Wilhem envied the mighty Britai n Empire . He decided that Germany too must have colonies overseas, which would helped him expand the German Empire and provide Germany with a market for her growing industries. It would also be a status sybol showing Germany’s greatness and gaining it respect. ( Furthermore, Britain in particular, used its navy and merchant navy to dominate overseas trade, which also provided a source of irritation to the Germans. The Germans embarked on a program of massive naval spending in order to create a navy capable of challenging Britain's domination of the sea. This caused considerable concern in Britain and tensions between the Germans and the Britain. Once the trigger was fired, the assassination of the Archduke, Imperialism directly led to a naval arms race between the two countries. Causing the disparity of the power of different countries ,competition and tension between countries to grow , the Colonial rivalry made countries willing and eager to join World War I, which was see n as an opportunity to gain colonies and reshape the world.Therefore, German declared war on Russia and mobilized her army when Russia refused to send troops to help Serbia and other countries joined in the War later. On 5 August, all the great powers of Europe were at war with each other, WWI broke out. Balkan nationalism-the desire of the Slav peoples of this area to join those in the empire of Austria-Hungary Balkan nationalism is also one of the important factors of the outbreak of WWI. The Balkans is the area of south-west Europe and it was the powder-keg or trouble spot of Europe. This area had once been part of Turkish Empire.It was inhabited by Slav peoples such as the Serbs, Bulgarians and Romanians, who were able to rule themselves. Many nationalities were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire but Serbia wanted to unite all Serbs within a greater Serbia. The Slav peoples of Balkans desired those in the empire of Austria-Hungary to join with them. Russia regarded herself as t he protector of these Slavs since they shared a common nationality. Austia-Hungary feard losing not only the Serbs but also other Balkan nationals so that Austria-Hungary wanted to take over the states of this area to preserve of this empire.It brought increasing rivalry between Russia and Austria-Hungary. When Austria started war with Serbia, Russia ordered the Russian army to prepare for war in order to help the Slavs of Serbia on 29 July, which started a countdown to the biggest war, WWI. German sent ultimatum to Tsar Nicholas to order him to stop mobilizing but Russia refused to accept and so Germany declared war on Russia , mobilizing her army. As France was an ally of Russia the French government ordered the mobilization of the French army on 1 August. Many other great powers joined the war later so that WWI broke out on 5 August.Causing the tension and opposition between Russia and Austria-Hungary to rise and making the mobilization of Russia which started the countdown of th e war,the Balkan nationalism made the war likely to happen. Therefore, the Balkan nationalism was one of the factors of the outbreak of WWI, The arms race-(competition for bigger armed forces and more armaments) The arms race also contributes into causing the WWI to break out. By the beginning of twentieth century , great powers in Europe have started to rival with each other through building up the size of their armed forces.Each major power in Europe except Britain had trained a huge army of conscripts, which means young men forced by law to become soldiers for a year or so. These armies could be mobilized at a moment’s notice. In the period 1900-1904 the main European powers more than doubled their spending on their armies. From 1872 to 1912, Germany increased more than 300% of her armaments spending when Russia increased more than 250% with Italy, Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and France around 100%. Guns , shells, bullets and other weapons had been stockpiled in case of war.Ever more destructive weapons were being developed and improved, such as the machine-gun and huge field guns. The increases in spending of armaments caused the military rival between countries to rise. The arm races increased tension between the Great Powers. They felt threatened when others increased its army and gained stronger weapons so that they competed with each other through making their military power stronger with a rolling ‘snowball’ effect. It made the war more likely since country increased its army and weapons it became more confident of success in a future war and more willing to test out their armed forces.When Austria started war with Serbia after the assassination of Franz-Ferdinand, Russia backed Serbia as a starting point of countdown of WWI . More great powers joined the large-scaled war soon later since they were confident and well prepared to compete their military powers. WWI broke out on 5th August 1914. Increasing the tension and competiti on between countries and accelerating the coming of the war , the arms race gathered all great powers together and made the war faster and more possible to happen. Therefore, the arms race was one of the most important factors of the outbreak of WWI. The Anglo-German Naval RaceThe Anglo-German naval race was also one of the factors of the outbreak of WWI. Before WWI,Great Britain had the most powerful naval in the world, which was her Royal Navy. The navy which outgunned and outnumbered all other navies not only protected the Empire and trade, but also prevented foreign invasion. At the same time, Germany had the world’s best army but Kaiser Wilhelm, but the German reluer would like to compete with Britain so that it began to build a fleet of battleships to rival the British Navy in 1898. Britain were not worried about the growth of the German fleet too much at first since they had enormous lead.However, the introduction of the powerful British ‘Dreadnought’ batt leship in 1906 changed all this. The dreadnought was faster, bigger and had a much great firing range than existing battleships and this super-battleship made all previous battleships obsolete or out of date. This allowed the Germans to begin building ‘Dreadnoughts’ on equal terms with Britain. A race developed between two countries to see who could build the most. In 1909 Britain had 8 Dreadnoughts to Germany’s seven. This naval race poisoned the relations between the two countries and was the main bone of contention between the two right up to 1914.When Germany was preparing to invade Belgium, the British sent her troops to protect Belgium from attack. British sent a telegram to call Germany to back her army. With no reply from Germany , the Britain started war with Germany and from then, all the great powers of Europe became at war with each other. On 5th August, 1914, WWI broke out. By worsening the relations between Germany and Britain and causing rival and tension between them to rise, the Anglo-Naval Race made the war between the two more likely to happen and it became a part a WWI. Therefore, the Anglo-Naval race was one of the factors of the outbreak of WWI.

Processing of Black and White Film

Today, we have contact with photography ubiquitously. But, do you realize that what you see has been created by photography? People have drawn and painted the world that surrounded them since ancient times. However, the first recording of a negative image on a light-sensitive material was first achieved by Frenchman, J. Niepce in 1826. He made the first permanent photograph with a camera â€Å"obscura†. Although, the exposure took eight hours, he wanted to find a different process. Another pioneer of photography was the British inventor William Talbot.He invented a special process named calotype or talbotype that created negative images from which a positive could be printed. On the other hand, in 1884, George Eastman invented the dry gel, which required paper or film. He developed the technology of film; and the same technology is used by film cameras today. A few years later, in June 1888, Eastman Kodak introduced to the public the first film camera. By the 1901, photography began to be available to the public. Today, the developing of black and white negative is almost obsolete. With new digital technology, almost nobody uses film cameras, except for some professional photographers.What do you need to develop your film? First, you need to go outside and take some pictures. Once you have the film ready to be developed you need some materials to process the film. To start developing your own film you need to have a room that is light proof, a metal or plastic film tank, reel, a can opener, scissors, chemicals, darkroom timer, a sink, and a thermometer. One of the places where you can find equipment that you need for your dark room and to process your film is B&H photo (http://www. bhphotovideo. com). B&H photo is an online store for professional photographers where they offer affordable prices and used equipment.For example, a roll of 24 roll of TMAX 400 cost about $3. 50 plus shipping cost. Moreover, you can also research if you have any photo stores w here you live. Last semester I took a photo class at school. I check frequently the bulletin board, where students posted equipment for sale. However, there are important steps to follow to process of black and white film. The first step is that you need to load the film on the reel. Before you do that I suggest you to prepare the equipment that you will need. Next, lay the tools in front of you; you will need scissors, a can opener, and a film tank.Remember that the negative is light sensitive and even a small amount of light will destroy the film. When you are ready, you can turn off the light and use the can opener to separate the film from the cassette. Next, unwind the film and cut the end with scissors. Now you are ready to load the film on the plastic or metal reel. I prefer the metal reel; because it is much to use. You need to gently slide the film into the slot and roll the film slowly on the reel until is loaded. When you are done, you can place the loaded reel in the fil m tank. When the negative is secure in the tank, you can turn on the light.The next step is to prepare the chemicals. It is also important to know what kid of film you use. I use TRIMAX400 most of the time. Although, you know the type of the film, it is time to get ready the developer. You might ask what kind of developer is the best. There are so many to choose from. I use Kodak D-76 developer. It is a fine-grain general-purpose developer. The measurements are 4 ounces of the developer mixed with 4 ounces of water. The next step is to check the temperature. Remember, to always rinse your thermometer before you use it and after you done.It is very important to check the temperature chart. For example, if the thermometer shows 68 °F, the developing time is 6 minutes. The chemicals should be at least 68 °F, because some chemicals do not respond to temperatures lower than 65 °F. Now you are ready to set the darkroom timer for 6 minutes. Time is a very important factor in developi ng the film. Warning: if you keep the film too long in the developer the film will turn out overexposed or if you finish early the negative is going to be underexposed. After you pour the developer into the film tank, you need to agitate the tank every minute for 15 seconds.It is very important to agitate the film, because this removes air bubbles from the film. Once the time is up you need to pour the developer into the sink. The following step is to rinse the film tank at least twice. Another important step is to add fixer. The fixer is the chemical used in the final step to stabilize the image. Fixing time takes 4 minutes. Do not forget to set your darkroom timer for 4 minutes. You need to remember also to agitate the tank every minute for 15 seconds. After the time is up you need to pour the fixer back into the container. When you done, the film is fixed and it is ready to be exposed to the light.But, before that you have to rinse the tank few times with fresh water. It is very important to wash your negative, to remove the exhausted chemicals. Warning: If you do not wash your negative enough you could permanently damage the image. The last step is to add a few drops of photoflow to the tank film and keep it for 30 seconds. Do not agitate the tank film while the bath stop is in the tank. You need that to prevent the water from spotting the film as it dries. The remaining step is a final wash in the running water for at least 20 minutes. Afterward, the film is ready to hang and dry.Carefully handle one end of the film and lift the film from the reel. Remember, the negatives are extremely fragile so handle them carefully. Make sure the negatives do not to touch anything. Also, do not forget to slide gently the negative between your fingers. After the film is dry, you are ready to cut the negative and go to the dark room to make the prints. Store each negative in separate negative sleeve. Although this process is almost obsolete, some professional photographe rs and hobbyists are still developing their film and make prints in the dark room. Black and white photography is considered a fine art.With growing popularity of digital technology, the hobby is not as popular as before. To make sure your film is developed accurate you have to absolutely follow the step that I present above. This process of your own film will give you a greater enjoyment and understanding of the true art of photography. I took a photo class last semester and I enjoyed every minute I spent in the dark room to develop my film and then made my prints. I also learned about lighting and shadows. Black and white photography divulged different feelings and shows different emotions than color film.

The rule of nutrition in bone health

Bone has chief regulation of the organic structure portion. All mass are carried with aid of bone otherwise mass is merely like a fabric. You can give illustration fabric has non prize without put fabric on organic structure. Just merely bone is supplying aid for traveling, walking, dancing and other of import function in life. Your bone is healthy or weak depends on your life manner and diet. If you are taking regular exercising and it is besides provide good energy diet. Bone is growing merely 10-18 twelvemonth old ages period. In that ages immature are along energy and good diet every bit good as supply a strong bone. In Egypt clip 2000 BC dry grapes raisin was used as intervention. Old clip from wall paintings shows that raisin was obsessional and Mediterranean and Europe used as ornament that epoch. In ancient clip raisin was extremely awards who demand worship topographic points with them and used them currency converted better alteration and as awards for athleticss events. In 1900 century modern universe California as popular san jacqium vale is produced commercial degree raisin. Raisin is a extremely good energy consumed and provides a good wellness for bone. Homeostasis is the care of a normal internal environment within organic structure. This stableness is of import for normal operation of cell tissue, organ, protein and many other substances have to be maintained at concentration including electrolytes, H2O, Na, Ca, P and Mg. Normally psychological and biochemical mechanism to modulate and command and command concentration to hemeostatic control involve negative feedback mechanism. Homeostasis upset can happen usually as failure consequence to command mechanism. Nutrition has chief function and lack for bone wellness. Your weight is checked through BMI under weight and bone is a controversial function for bone wellness. If your weight is reduced it means your nutrition diet did non provide adequate energy for bone wellness. Mass extremum bone is referred genetically for bone denseness bone. In age 20 every adult females have a batch of opportunity to develop osteoporosis disease. Bone is weak and a batch of lack due to non good care f oods. Good foods are supplying good wellness of bone. Homoeostasis ‘ is merely explicating for care nutrient and bone. Foods are indispensable factors for bone wellness otherwise castanetss are traveling to weak twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours and develop to opportunity osteoporosis. Lifestyle and exercising is besides of import function for bone wellness. Bone is healthy depends on the age. In childhood is develop to strong bone in whole life. Healthy and exercising to supplying a strong and healthy bone. Exercise is taking fresh Ca, protein and metamorphosis during exercising clip to supply for healthy castanetss. Factor exercising is besides assisting to cut down autumn strength factor, addition flexibleness and balance and better flexibleness. During clip of exercising is supplying physical activity and receive messages they need strong and able to work. Bone wellness benefit is long term footing if you are taking regular exercising. It is besides of import function bone strength and care musculus. Important dietary for bone wellness: Protein and Ca is of import drama function in bone mass gaining. During under nutrition, deficient Calories including vitamin and protein can different in brace bone development. Growth factor IGF-1 is activated action when low protein intake can be determined for skeleton musculus by formation of bone mass. Bone mineral component is soaking up in bowel to excite for factor. Phosphorus and Ca via an addition in the deliberate nephritic production hormonal signifier vitamin D. although pubertal mutant and growing factor to in pair production of IGF-1 due to intake low protein is caused to cut down for bone development. That ‘s why we find a positive association between bone mass to derive in kids and protein intake during dietetic consumption. We have a given adequate illustration from research on bone development in striplings and kids so that recommendation for bone growing and striplings in kids. Calcium soaking up is taken in balance diet with high degree of Na and protein t o increase degree Ca elimination through kidney low Ca consumption are avoided to inordinate sum of these substances. Calcium consumption can be demo the manner unequal lactose intolerance. Those who are intolerant lactose have adequate sum of lactose enzyme. Dietary dairy merchandise is breakdown and to acquire lactose or you can take lactose as pills. Some diary company to provide a milk merchandise have been treated with lactose. We have ever problem to acquire adequate consumption Ca addendums. We can acquire calcium obtain to depend how much you can dietary beginnings nutrient to provide different compounds Ca for illustration Ca citrate and Ca carbonate. The organic structure wants within Ca soaking up to acquiring adequate vitamin D of the Clairol Ca. Calcium soaking up from dietetic is to turn deficient soaking up. The chief job is calcium consumption to hive away in the skeleton musculus to consequence for new bone formation and bone wellness. Deficiency Ca, P and vitamin Calciferol: Calcium is required for bone and teeth construction, the release of neurotransmitter and initiated of musculus contraction as a cofactor for curdling factor, some enzyme activities and it is besides integral intracellular 2nd courier for a figure of endocrines. Calcium is of import for bone mass formation. The normal dietetic consumption 25 mmol Ca in one twenty-four hours is chief dietetic addendum by the soaking up of Ca from GI subdivision. Normally we released 25mmol Ca through fecal matters. Calcium is the most often dietetic mineral 25000mmol in one kg contain Ca. Bone is consist 99 per centum of Ca. About 500 mmol Ca is day-to-day transferred through ECF and bone. The ECF contain usually 25 mmol of Ca and plasma is present 9 mmol of Ca. Parathyroid endocrine is secreted by the parathyroid secretory organs is response to a autumn of concentration of plasma ionised Ca and via versa. It stimulates the release of Ca from bone. A procedure called bone response. Cytokines and prosta glandins ‘ released by tumors that have metastasized to the castanetss may take to increased Ca Restoration of Ca. In primary hyperparathyroidism occurs most normally due to a parathyroid adenoma, which is begin tumors, and merely seldom due to parathyroid postmenopausal adult females. In primary hyperparathyroidism there is inordinate PTH secernment that causes hypocalcemia and sometimes hypophostemia which increased bone turnover peculiarly of the metaphases. Familiar hypocalciuric hypocalcemia is a normal autosomal dominant status that develops from childhood. It is chronic hypocalcemia feature but it is normally symptomless with usually PTH degree and no parathyroid adenoma. The mechanism underlying this status in known but TB and sacoidosis are granulomatous disease. Phosphorous combine Ca to from hydroxyapatite, the mineral constituent of dentitions and bone and it is requirement enzymatic activity, synthesis of 2-3-byphosphoglycerate and oxidative phosphorylastion and all membrane dependability. In the mean male is incorporating 20000 mmol with 17000 discoveries in bone and 3000 in soft tissue mostly attached with protein and lipid. Hyperphosphatemia may do metastatic calcification for illustration Ca P deposition in soft tissue as the extra Ca precipitates and cause hypocalcemia and colossus in accomplished patient. Nephritic failure is chief cause of hyperphosphatemia where GFR and phosphate diminution. There is different type of biochemical trials to utile when look intoing hyperphosphatemia. These include formative the phosphate and Ca concentration and serum keratinize and the concentration of phosphate piss. The undermentioned technique has proved utile probe obscure cause of hyperphosphatemia. A deficiency of vitamin D impairs mineralization of matrix bone doing rachitiss in kids and osteomacia in grownup. Ricketss result in malformations of the legs that bow due to organic structure tallness, weight, skull, ribs and pelvic girdle. During 1950 rachitiss was first clip discovered in UK by munition of infant nutrients with vitamin D. unluckily some susceptible kids suffer vitamin D toxicity and developed hypocalcemia. As an result the sum of vitamin D added to nutrient was reduced and rackets reappeared. Overt rickets is now rare in UK although subclinical rachitiss affect about 10 per centum of immature kids. Osteomalacia cause strivings in bone particularly of the legs and pelvic girdle and there is an increased susceptibleness to break of the long legs following minor injury. It is non uncommon in the uk particularly among adult females of some cultural parts because of their deficiency of exposure to sunlight during solitude and the erosion of traditional apparels. Exces s of vitamin D is once more, mostly associated with the overconsumption of vitamin addendums. Toxicity is due to overstimulation of Ca soaking up from the backbones and the inordinate Restoration from the bone which consequence in its demineralisation. The weakening of the bone and hypocalcemia promote metastatic calcification and inclination in the patient to organize kidney rock. Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a disease on the patient BMD degree as uttered T in every bit adult females and work forces. There are different pin autumn to explicate for osteoporosis degree. Osteoporoses are given information for bone, strength and non explicate for bone denseness. Osteoporosis has a intervention and bar to maintenance bone wellness and nutrition has play of import function for biological procedure. Calcium and P has of import regulation to usually 90 percent mineral content in bone. Organic matrix protein is incorporated in bone collagen upon with mineral content occurs. Metabolic procedure in bone is chief function for vitamin. Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/6/715 There are different phases for bone growing in adult females throughout in lives. A adult females has foremost two decennary bone are growing both breadth and length. In immature adult females is develop bone mass to travel PBM. Calcium is chief function for bone wellness and at least 300 mg per twenty-four hours. At the accomplishment of teenage old ages, bone continues to increase in denseness and thickness into immature maturity, when PBM is achieved. It has been assumed that persons with higher PBM achieved in early in-between age will be at minor hazard for merely get downing osteoporosis later in life. Ethnity: In UK 3 million people are effected osteoporosis and at least 23000 breaks every twelvemonth. In immature adult females, kids and work forces can besides consequence on menopausal castanetss are strongest and thickness in early immature age. Asiatic population demographic displacement with aging are increased osteoporosis in modern states. Osteoporosis epidemiology information and break fragile in Asian is thin and X raies are limited service in most Asiatic states. Normative informations population for bone denseness are less lactation, para, nutrition position, ethnity and business are few factor to impact bone denseness in this part and VITAMINE D lack job in all over the universe. In UK and world-wide osteoporosis are chief factors to personify loss and eating upset. Bone mass is associated with low bodyweight in immature people and hazard break and bone loss in older individual. Calcium, P and vitamin are chief alimentary to supply strong bone and thickness otherwise low weight to symbol of weak bone. Women and immature misss are at punctilious hazard of convert scraggy due to inordinate concern stay slim. In Asiatic and African community are less job for osteoporosis due to eating upset but besides have job for weak bone. In 3rd states have increased degree osteoporosis because food has a lack of chief food? 92 states as 94 societies, part around the universe are member of IOF. These society both medical society and patient are worked in the broad scope for osteoporosis. Many information patient offer, run self group and telephone are given osteoporosis patient. Bone wellness and food: Bone is reduced and less denseness weight to explicate osteoporosis disease. The castanetss can go delicate and porous, or weak skeleton and a batch of hazard of breaks. The bone loss occurs increasingly and saliently and most normally at the spinal column, carpus and hip are first break without any symptoms. Normally 5 work forces is out 50 has break due to osteoporosis and different ratio 3 adult females out of 50. Thymine is besides fact on your life manner, good wellness, and good nutrition and genetically has become cause of the breaks of the bone. Healthy bone and balance diet is besides depend on the good nutrition and good diet consist adequate Calories and normal protein, saccharide and fat every bit good as other mineral and vitamin. In adolescences kids good nutrient to assist for strong bone and it has less opportunity to impact osteoporosis chronic disease. In older and immature people, alimentary nutrient is supplying strong bone. It is besides aid for recovery break re ally rapidly. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iofbonehealth.org/osteofound/filemanager/patients_and_public/images/food.jpg Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iofbonehealth.org/patients-public/about-osteoporosis/prevention/nutrition.html Atkins diet was introduced in 1930 with good food and less fat nutrient. Atkins diet has received excessively much popularity and one of this most popular of those diet with saccharide and tonss of vitamin. Atkins diet with include cereals nutrient and tonss of fresh veggie and fruit. Alternatively eat generous sum of domestic fowl, meat, pick and butter. Carbohydrate is advancing insulin to assist for care for wellness. The organic structure is response to rapidly by using stored animal starch for energy and cut downing organic structure weight and besides aid for strong bone wellness. The plan for a typical Atkins diet consists of four stage ‘s debut, ongoing weight loss, premaintenance and a concluding life clip maintence phase. A good diet is besides forestalling for merely like osteoporosis disease and besides provides a strong and good wellness castanetss. Foods are dwelling of vitamin, protein, hint component and Ca nutrient. Calcium and phosphoric are besides chief part s of the bone. Bone strong and weak is depending on Ca and phosphoric concentration in bone cell. Exercise, diet, lifestyle and other factors: Exercise is chief function for bone wellness. If you are making day-to-day everyday exercising to helpful for older age. In immature age is supplying good healthy castanetss and long life castanetss. Exercise is taking fresh Ca, protein and metamorphosis during exercising clip to supply for healthy castanetss. Factor exercising is besides assisting to cut down autumn strength factor, addition flexibleness and balance and better flexibleness. During clip of exercising is supplying physical activity and receive messages they need strong and able to work. Bone wellness benefit is long term footing if you are taking regular exercising. It is besides of import function bone strength and care musculus. Life manner is besides of import factors to supplying strong musculus and healthy bone. Nutrient has chief portion for life style if you are taking good nutrient. It means to state you are taking every good food for supplying strong and healthy castanetss. Less foods diet is besides create a tonss of disease for illustration weak bone racket disease, osteoporosis and lack Ca and phosphoric disease. Drinking is really bad wont to lose your wellness and every bit good as bone wellness. Healthy castanetss are supplying a good wellness. Drinking is loss immature metabolic metamorphosis to make a tonss of job in your wellness. Medicine is besides damage your bone and besides damage kidney, liver and other parts of the organic structure. Smoke is more bad consequence for your bone. Bone is loss day-to-day wellness and failing. Your bone is more failing merely like an 80 old ages old individual. Smoke is less heal to retrieve for break bone and it is besides loss your bone mineral salt. Vitamin D is chief function for bone wellness. You must take half hr sunlight energy to supply to do vitamin D. Eating upset is chief factor for bone wellness. You can non take any good food for your bone wellness because cistron is damage your harm your nutrient food. Some physicians intervention for osteoporosis is preferred merely drug intervention non other intervention. During intervention is supplying good nutrient which consists is a batch of mineral and vitamin.

Supply Chain Strategy and Technology assignment - 5

Supply Chain Strategy and Technology - Assignment Example Directing tends to motivate the personnel. Normally, the pay for performance is one of the practices employed to encourage the transportation and warehouse personnel to endeavor to attain higher levels of productivity (Ailawadi and Singh 129). The balanced scorecard concept allows logistic managers to balance business perspective, especially in areas of finance, business processes, and customer satisfaction. The managers can analyze the views of the customers regarding the performance and effectiveness of the business (Lai and Cheng 157). Similarly, the concept aids the managers to get the internal view of the process in terms of cost and efficiency with an aim of creating value through improvement. Typically, the managers use the balanced scorecard concept to link business vision and strategies for actual performance, as well as, improvement. The ideal of perfect order is unrealistic operational goal due to the overwhelming challenges in the supply chain. Notably, the challenges in order capture, fulfillment, and channel management, as well as, inconsistencies in pricing render the realization of perfect order unachievable operational goal (Ailawadi and Singh 129). Similarly, the potential for errors, delays, and money wastage are extremely high. Such challenges make the efforts to fulfill the perfect order

Analysis of the hi-fi industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis of the hi-fi industry - Assignment Example This has been the case ever since the hi-fi industry came into being and was thus shown the way to increase its basis within the related settings. The growth and developmental basis of the hi-fi industry has come about with the comprehension that its strengths lie in the wake of the potential growth that remains within its fore. What this means is that how well the strengths are being highlighted and what the hi-fi industry as a whole is bringing out with each passing day. This has been represented in the examples that have been given of the hi-fi industry within this case study. The strengths are therefore enclosed within the people who buy the products that are produced by the hi-fi industry and thus cater to its relevant market domains (Nixon, 2010). The weaknesses are present within it as well. These comprise of the immense shortfalls that happen each year in terms of the production estimates of the hi-fi products that are required by the audiophiles and the tech fanatics spread all over the world. This is an important consideration that should be given enough weight because no one expects the audiophiles to go for something which is not easily digestible on their part as far as their audio and video requirements are concerned. This has been shown time and again with delay times in processing which has been the norm for all the wrong reasons. What is even worse is the fact that the hi-fi industry depends a great deal on its own people and if these people fall short on its expected count, then there is bound to be serious anomalies within the relevant system domains. The industry would also suffer as a result of the same as the customer expectations would shift by a long stretch. Since the strengths and the weaknesses are something that is internal to an organization, the opportunities and threats are external and thus have a very wide perspective attached to the same. This would mean that the

What Does the Term Postmodernism Mean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What Does the Term Postmodernism Mean - Essay Example The essay "What Does the Term Postmodernism Mean" states the term of postmodernism. The type of art in the postmodernism era is marked by a general lack of trust for ideologies hence the reason why it deals with combination of ideas. The shift from modernism to postmodernism (which was basically movement from emotional expression which is what modernism art was based on to a combination of several ideologies) was necessitated by the fact that critics started evaluating the artists on the intrinsic value of their work which meant that there was to be an elimination of emotions from the canvas and an increase in self-awareness. Postmodernism is characterized by several factors which also explain the shift from modernism. One of these factors is the fact that education priorities shifted from the previous pursuit of knowledge to skills. This made art students lose interest in learning and concentrate more on mastering the skills of art rather than learning about its history and a lot of seemingly irrelevant information. The change created more room for creativity now that students had a lot of time to really concentrate on their skills. Creative art therefore became more important in this movement than it was previously. In the wake of 1970s and 1980s, technology had started evolving widely and faster hence forcing the artists to do away with draughtsmanship and embracing the technology to create new forms of art. This embrace of new technology to create art contributed to a change in era.

Public Service Electric and Gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Public Service Electric and Gas - Essay Example Organisational change is the implementation of new thoughts and activities by a company. Organisational change is important in the sense that it can increase the efficiency of employees by achieving the goals. There are numerous challenges for change in organisation culture. To make the change successful, there is need to focus on developing association with stakeholders and unions. Organisations need to commence appropriate change program for successful change (Sengupta & Bhattacharya, 2006). The essay will describe the change in safety culture of PSE&G. PSE&G had faced several challenges in order to administer changes in safety culture. It was a long changing process which resulted in success. Reason for Change The change in safety measures of PSE&G had started in the year 1999 by virtue of cultural change. The reason for the change is to ensure safety of employees of PSE&G. It has almost 6500 employees and 32 factories. PSE&G had encountered recordable accident rates and loss of w orking days because of safety. In the year 2005, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the loss of working days had become 0.33 by the year 2007 (Simon & Cistaro, 2009). The following table shows the employees injury rate of PSE&G from 2001–2007: Source: (Simon & Cistaro, 2009). Organisational Design Issue The major design problem an organisation often confronts is the selection of horizontal differentiation and vertical differentiation which let organisation to manage the actions of employees for accomplishing the objectives. The following are major design issues that can be faced by an organisation: Source: (Jones & Mathew, 2008). Vertical Differentiation: Vertical differentiation is the method of forming the hierarchy of power and develops reporting connection to connect organisational job with organizational units. It helps to manage the actions and enhance the capability to develop a value of any organization through establishing the allo cation of power (Jones & Mathew, 2008) Horizontal Differentiation: Horizontal differentiation helps an individual to be specialised and be more dynamic. However, this type of delineation hinders the communication between divisions or units and averts people to learn from one another. As a consequence of horizontal differentiation, people of different units create a propensity to see one’s job strictly from the perception of the time structure, objective and interpersonal course of other’s unit. When different jobs are viewed differently, communication becomes unsuccessful and coordination fails between units (Jones & Mathew, 2008) In cultural change, PSE&G had faced problem of matching the ‘Standardization and Mutual Adjustment’ issue. In every organisation there are certain regulations, SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures), traditional values and standards which specify how an employee can carry out the organisational task. In PSE&G, the employees were en gaged in performing job according to their own rule and they tended to take risks. Besides, there were also communication issues which had occurred from vertical differentiation. Thus, there was need for better interaction between management and the union to resolve the differentiation problem in cultural change process (Jones & Mathew, 2008) Cultural Factors The apt organisational culture can result in better employee performance. Organisational cult

Small Business Enterprise in the UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Small Business Enterprise in the UK - Assignment Example Here I am comparing my industry with some of the industries who are in same business and equal size and doing business in the same geographical area. With that, I will be discussing various performance measures and their advantages and disadvantages. Our company is facing some issues regarding turn over and irregularity among the employees. Recruitment is also having some problem in the plant. Worried managers are trying to handle the situation strategically. Their main concern is a hierarchy of the organization. Our company’s hierarchy is a very tall one. A number of responder in a tall structure is lesser here. This results in better opportunities for the superiors to monitor and supervise the activities of the subordinates (courses.jonesinternational.edu, n.d., p.185). The employees of the organization played no role in designing and running the production lines. Also, the organization followed the Taylorist style of production which refers to the mass production system. Th e Taylorist production approach was established by F.W.Taylor, who gave birth to Scientific Management. His school of thoughts is termed as Taylorism. According to it anything can be learned and taught. This theory treats the humans like machines and proposed that for the achieving higher production the management must eliminate inefficiency from its functioning. However, this theory completely neglects the usual complications that happen within a normal human being (Boyd, n.d). Taylorist production style supports the assembly line system where each worker performs the same task repetitively. Here the concept of division of labor was given significance and people started getting experienced in a certain domain while the rest of the production system remained unknown to them. To maintain the distance between management and employees a strict policy is there. Repetition of the task makes employees bore. Quality fall as a result and management worried. Then employees get threatened or scolded and employee turnover rises. The theories which were employed to channelize the changes within the organization made the Hawk Car Company eliminate the tall hierarchical structure and instead of that, they introduced Adhocracy. The adhocracy structure is characterized by dynamic and organic units which have limited standardization and formalization and is inclined toward decentralized decision making. These units are associated with the least routine task and lower vertical differentiation which encourages greater responsiveness and flexibility among the employees (Robbins and Mathew, 2009, pp 199- 200). The management also took vital steps towards training the employees in such a manner so that they can gain knowledge about the entire production system. The workers were provided with the opportunity to grow in their position by better performance. The new management style took great care of the employee’s personal lives too and helped them in solving those to the pos sible extent.

Paisley Patterns Recommendation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Paisley Patterns Recommendation Report - Essay Example hnology to traditional business and administrative activities has introduced substantial return and facilities that have given the business a new life. E-commerce gives buyers and sellers a modern and up-to-date environment or methods of communication and offers an opportunity to generate new marketplaces. In common it is recommended that the development of E-commerce outcomes in higher firm efficiency and competence as a consequence of lower search and transaction expenses† (Kotler, 1997). â€Å"The internet is swiftly becoming the technology of preference for electronic commerce for the reason that, it presents or allows businesses an even trouble-free method to connect with other businesses and individuals at a very small expenditure† (Martin Verwijmeren, 1996). At the present time, Web sites are accessible to consumers 24 hours a day. Modern and up-to-date marketing and sales methods can be fashioned. Managing transactions electronically can diminish the costs of tra nsaction as well as release time for some goods, particularly those that are entirely digital (for instance software, text products, images, and videos etc.) (Laudon & Laudon 1999, p.306) Paisley Patterns business is presently operating with the wholesale cotton fabrics, primarily through a travelling sales force. By viewing the potential business enhancements and for getting the maximum market share Paisley Patterns business has decided to implement a web based system for the handling of online business and extending the scope of business. This analytical and research based report is about the detailed analysis of the Paisley Patterns business web based system implementation. This report will provide a deep insight into the overall new technology system implementation and potential enhancements in business working. In this report, I will analyze the main working areas and division those will require some type of transformations. This analysis based report will also present a deep a nd

Comparative Analysis of Islamic and Conventional Bank Risk Essay Example for Free

Comparative Analysis of Islamic and Conventional Bank Risk Essay The decline of the religion has been attributed into modern times with a materialistic culture by the popular wisdom of today, the understanding of religion has embedded this view, as nature having only spiritual limits, and the worldly well being of an individual is very detached in this relation. However, this understanding of Islam religion has been misguided by many of among us in the past, as well as in the present. A critical role has been played by every religion regarding the guidance to survive in a society communally, and in the characterization of different markets of that time. In the religious regards, equal distribution of wealth and debt annulment was preached and emphasized by every religion in the past. The enforcement of the debt bond has been strongly rejected by all the beliefs and the concept of canceling the debt have been upheld by them. In the past, in order to satisfy and fulfill the financial needs of devout and pious Muslims, a concept of money depository was introduced in the Islamic civilization, which has now become a growing phenomenon of the world, that is, around 1. 6 billion Muslims in the world. The macro-economic properties of banking institution have been studies by many economists with relation to an ideal and isolated Islamic economy framework. In modern days, the working of this pioneering financial system is going on very effectively in various parts of the world. In many developed and under-developed countries, the other conventional banking systems are having this unique financing system besides them in every sector of the economy. In this regard, the comparative analysis has been done in this study, which will try to differentiate the Islamic banking system with the Conventional ones. In this study, we will try to understand and clarify the demarcation between the Islamic and Conventional Banking and the risks that are borne by these methods of banking. A financial intermediary having the aims and objectives related to the principles of Islamic law or ‘Shariah’ may be defined as an Islamic Banking System. Consequently, the zero-interest activities and operations are the key features of this distinctive banking system. However, eliminating the transactions based on interest is not the only objective of Islamic banking. The abolishment of all kinds of exploitation is also another aspect of Islamic banking system. In result, a balanced and unbiased social order is established by the system in this regard. Only the role of financier is not played by an Islamic bank. It also works as a partner in the business of an individual. Due to this, the risk between the capital owner and the entrepreneurs is involved by this system. However, the positive result of the collective efforts is also shared by the Islamic banking. Thus, the other conventional banking and interest-based system differs from the Islamic banking, as only the entrepreneur or the owner of the capital bears the risk in the conventional banking, and vice versa. However, the individual and bank shares the abovementioned with each other, which provides the entrepreneur to develop as a whole. In other way, participatory banking name can be given to the Islamic banking in this regard. In the Islamic economics, zero return on capital is not meant by the eliminating process of the interest in this unique banking system, as the pre-determination of a fixed return is forbidden for a certain amount of production in the Islamic laws. The equity based investment principle is followed by the Islamic banks. The contraction of the resources based on deals relating to the sharing of risks, and the ventures of capital is also proposed by the Islamic banking. It has been noted by the economists that economic growth and development of an individual becomes applicable and easy with the vital role that is played by the Islamic banks around the world. We can say that a relationship between finance, commerce, and industry is tried and developed by this exclusive banking system, which differs from the other conventional banking due to these characteristics of its system. The Islamic banking plays its role as an equity-based system, where the pre-determined interest rate is excluded, and the nominal value of deposits is not guaranteed. In result, changing values of the share deposits absorbs the shock to asset position immediately. Therefore, in such system, the assets and liabilities of bank will carry the same real value at all the points. However, in the more traditional and conventional banking system, a diversion can be caused between the real assets and liabilities by such shocks in the process of fixed nominal value of deposits. Therefore, the abovementioned features of this Islamic banking differs it from the traditional and conventional banking system, and so, various levels of risks are borne by these systems. Nowadays, many countries are trying to examine the possibilities of the introduction of an interest-free banking system based on the Islamic laws and principles. It has also been argued and discussed that if the Islamic financial system will be established in the various countries, it will be feasible, but also profitable for the individuals, as well as, the companies as a whole. These days, the truth of interest as an unbearable burden is being realized by the Western countries, as well as, the developing countries around the world. In this regard, all the interests have been waived by the Canada. A similar move has been made by the Australia. The suggestion of waiving off the 30 to 35% of the present interests of the debt has been officially given by the President of France. Therefore, it may be generalized that Islamic Banking and Financing System is a unique and distinctive system, which differs from the conventional banking systems around the world. In order to make a more detailed comparative view of the working and risks borne by the Islamic and Conventional Banking Systems, we will try to analyze with the help of data that represents the comparison between these two financial systems that are applied and practiced around the world. There are some different and diverse characteristics of the abovementioned two banking systems, which should be discussed in order to clarify the comparison between them. In the Islamic Financing system, the number of customers is less than the Marketing-based financing system. The ownership of the Islamic Banking is usually taken by the local or foreign individuals. However, only the local shareholders enjoy the ownership in the conventional banking system. In the Islamic banking, the integration of different activities is very high as compared to the traditional banking system. Lastly, the Islamic financing system has the high intensity of managing and bearing the risk internally, as well as externally. However, the risk is managed and borne by the Marketing-based financing system less internally and externally. Risk sharing is closely related to the risk management; no matter it may be external or internal in its nature. Development of close ties between the customers, and other interest groups may bring the risk externalization by an organization. It has also been indicated by various economists that one contributing factor that is related to the risk management is the long-term relations, which are made on the mutual dependence in an organization. From the different studies related to the Islamic Financing System, the responsibilities are shared by the junior and the senior staff jointly in organizations. In this case, the higher and lower level of management shares the risk. However, in the Marketing-based and Conventional Banking system, the internal risk is shared on a lower basis due to the centralization of power and authority, as compared to the Islamic Banking System. Conclusively, a high degree of the sharing of internal risk is characterized during managing the risk management in the Islamic Banking system as compared to the other conventional financing systems. Therefore, there are many differentiation between the Islamic and Traditional Banking systems around the world. Regarding the risk externalization, in the Islamic Banking system, the close lender-borrower relationships are characterized during the lending activities of organizations. The borrowers are also guided by the Islamic bankers apart from lending funds to them. In result, efficient network relationships create the increment of the externalization of risks relating to the partners who exchange in this regard. Therefore, in the Islamic Financing System, the degree of external risk is observed to be high. However, the formal lenders-borrowers relationships are characterized within the Conventional and Marketing-based financing system. In the result, it is a low degree of externalization of risks in this traditional banking system. In this regard, the extent of success of a banking organization is determined by the lender-borrower relationships, where the customers are given credit in this regard. Direct contacts with the various customers are maintained within the Islamic, as well as, the Conventional Financing Systems. The differentiation is observed in the Islamic Banking System while dealing with the financial activities, as the borrowed funds are monitored closely by these bankers, which results in the higher intensity of the lender-borrower relationships. In this regard, the risks are borne on a higher extent by the Islamic Banking system as compared to the conventional ones. However, the bank gets the higher profit as we have tried to discuss it in the abovementioned matter. Conclusively, the issues of fairness and justice are concerned in the Islamic principles that are related to the interest, rather than defining the efficiency narrowly. The focus is placed on the necessity of sharing the risk in a stable condition with the help of these principles, as well as, at the time of exploitation of the markets. We have also clarified that the Islamic Financing System works on the equity-based projects. However, the conventional ones prefer the debit-based schemes for the lenders and individuals. In an Islamic financing situation, the ownership is shared by the both bank and the client, and in the Conventional banking, all the equity is owned by the client, and the property value plays as a security to the bank loan. We hope that this study will help the scholars and the economists in understanding the role and differentiation of the Islamic Conventional Banking around the world. Works Cited Ahmad, S. (1992). Towards Interest-Free Banking. New Delhi: International Islamic Publishers. Chapra, M. (2000). The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective. Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation. Dar, A. H. , and Presley, J. R. (1999). Islamic Finance: A Western Perspective. International Journal of Islamic Financial Services. Dar, A. (2002). Islamic House Financing in the United Kingdom: Problems, Challenges, and Prospects. Ahmad, K. (1994). Elimination of Riba: Concepts and Problems, Response to the Supreme Court Questionnaire. Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Long Term And Short Time Orientation English Language Essay

Long Term And Short Time Orientation English Language Essay This time, the manager from Uzbekistan is heading to Malaysia, to the beautiful country of forests and mountains, located in southeast Asia. Malaysia is a very interesting country that combines the features of the West and East cultures, it uses the development system of the Western culture, but at the same time, remains the traditions of the East. The people, who live there, Malaysians, are really proud of their country, their history and their culture. The formation of the Malay culture was influenced by many nations in the past, including local inhabitants, Malays who moved there, Chinese and Indian traders and, of course, the British colonizers. Even now the Malaysia is a multicultural country, where people of different nations live and cooperate together, especially Malays, Chinese, Indians and Eurasians. The unity is also supported in Malaysias motto, which is directly translated as Unity is Strength. The Malaysian constitution proposes the freedom of religion, nevertheless, it has clearly stated that the Islam is the main state religion and Malay is the main language. British influence can be observed in Malaysias governance as Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy with a king as a head of state, the Malay constitution is also based on English Law. Hofstedes framework Lets look at the Malaysia in the framework of the Hofstedes model, which measures such cultural dimensions as the power distance, individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and femininity, long-term and short-term orientations. Power distance According to Hofstede G.(n.d.), power distance is the degree, by which the society tolerates the inequality of power and authority and the division on social stratas. The statistics from Hofstede G.[n.d.] show that Malaysia has a very high score of 104 in power distance index, which means that inequality of people is encouraged in this country, there is a strong hierarchy and every person has his own place. In the organizations, boss or manager is the source of power and his decisions are right like the law, so they must be performed by lower ranking employees without any challenges. Anyway, lower ranking employees always expect to be told what they should do. In addition, it means that contact with the boss can be achieved only through the command line. Referring to Ismail Z.(n.d) , survey showed that 69,4% of Malaysian managers use the sensing-judging style or tell style of communication with their subordinates, they always control and tell employees what to do. Individualism and collectivism Further dimension, individualism and collectivism, as it can be understood, refers to how people are treated in the culture as an individual person or they tend to belong to a certain groups, in other words, do people say I or we about themselves. The statistics from Hofstede G.(n.d) show 26 low score in individualism, which means that collectivism is more developed in Malaysia. People belong to a certain groups and there is a strong relationship between the group members, so that the group members take care of each other. Success is considered to be the result of the group work performance. The individual person who doesnt belong to any group isnt respected. Oluwabusuyi I.(2011) notes that there are lots of Malay proverbs promoting collectivism and here are few: A heavy load should be borne together as well as a light load ,As a bamboo conduit makes a round jet of water, so taking counsel together rounds men to one mind. Uncertainty avoidance The third dimension is uncertainty avoidance referring to White J.(2012), which shows the degree by which cultures are afraid of uncertainty and try to avoid it. Again the statistics from Hofstede G.(n.d) shows 36 index, meaning that Malay culture is more tolerate towards uncertainty. While USA tries to control the uncertainty by rules or actions to minimize it, the Malay culture dont have rules against uncertainty and they just let it be the way it is. Masculinity and femininity The next dimension is masculinity and femininity, which describes the main cultural traits of society. This time, referring to Hofstede G.(n.d) Malaysia has 50, which means that it has features of both masculine and feminine cultures. Masculinity can be seen in placing male traits such as competitiveness, power and success as the main cultural values, whereas, for feminine cultures the important values are the life quality and relationships. Most Malaysians work very hard in order to be successful, and, as a collectivistic culture, they also dont forget about importance of maintaining good relationship within the group, consequently, Malays combine both in the workplace. Long-term and short-time orientation Finally, I am pretty sure that Malays as a people, who tend to have relaxed time nature and who value the strong relationships and success, would prefer long-term orientations as only long period of time can help to achieve success and strong relationships. In addition, White J.(2012) states that Malaysians do not rely on the short term goals but rather they focus on long term goals to be achieved which make them one of the developing nations of the world. Halls model Now we will find out the communication style of Malays using the Halls framework, which proposes that there are high-context and low-context communication cultures. I would surely state that Malays are the high-context communication culture. This decision is right with accordance to Salleh L.(2005), which clarifies that high-context communication cultures build close relationships, they use indirect messages and analogous language, and they widely use non-verbal messages in the communication. Close Relationships Malays tend to build close relationships during communication. Malays are very hospitable, they always welcome their guests serving them with their traditional food and drinks. This tradition has been also used now in business meetings. The main intention here is to create a comfortable atmosphere for communication. Salleh L.(2005) notes that even during meetings, Malays firstly try to build the relationship with his partner asking him a lot of personal questions. Only after that, the partners get to the business. Indirect messages Further, Malays are comfortable to use indirect messages. They talk around things and leave the message to be understood by the interpreter. For example, instead of telling the friend directly: I need the ride to home, they say: Oh I am so tired and I need to go home on bus, expecting the message to be interpreted as a desire to get a ride. Salleh L.(2005) describes that in Malay culture, due to the mutual respect, it is impolite to tell straightly the desire as it sounds demanding, moreover, it is impolite to express negative feelings directly or to say no. Non-verbal language Thirdly, Malays use the non-verbal messages more in their communication, because their language contains less verbal information, as a result, the Malay interpreter is more sensitive to non-verbal language. For example, Sellah L.(2005) illustrates that in Malay culture, if the boy acts impolitely by interrupting elders, the long-lasting look of parents is understood by the boy as a sign that he was rude, whereas in USA culture, the boy may just think that parents are listening attentively. Analogous language According to Sellah L.(2005), Malay language is more analogous. One word in Malay language has several meanings at the same time. For example, Sellah L.(2005) indicates that the word beri that is translated as give has 12 meanings in the English language. These 4 factors surely demonstrate that Malays belong to high-context communication culture. Laurents model Laurent has conducted a global research in order to compare the managerial styles in different countries. Managers authority The first interested question was to know the spread of the managers authority outside of the organization in different countries. In my opinion, as Malaysia has a very high power distance, I am pretty sure that Malay managers are autocrats within the organization as well as in the society. Due to the collectivistic culture, either manager is an autocrat in the group of company employees or more likely he belongs to the higher ranking group of managers. Bypassing hierarchy Secondly, Laurent was interested in finding whether the employees are able to bypass the hierarchy for a benefit of effective work or not. Weir D.(n.d.) reports that one of the Asian countries, China, has 66% of disagreement in bypassing the hierarchy. Ismail Z.(n.d.) found that the Malay managers are the same as Chinese managers in their value systems. In Malaysia, the power distance is very high, so the bypassing is not appreciated, moreover, it is the sign of disrespect of authority. Manager is an expert Thirdly, Laurent wanted to know is it important for managers to know answers on all work-related questions. Weir D.(n.d.) asserts that Asian countries show the highest scores for this statement, agreeing that the manager should be an expert in the organization. I think it happens because mostly, in Asian companies, people begin their career from the very beginning, getting promotion with time and expertise. So, as a manager who has experienced everything in the organization, it is important to know answers on all work-related questions. Therefore, the employees there cant become managers until they improve their knowledge to perfect. The manager who doesnt know the answer loses his face. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck culture Now it is time to focus on Kluckhohn and Stodtbecks cultural theories which will help us to determine the value orientations of Malays. There are six values to identify, they are the relationship with nature, time orientation, human nature, behavior, relationship with others and spatial usage. Harmony with nature According to Ismail Z.(n.d.), Malays live in harmony with nature. It means that Malays coexist with the nature in balance like it is proposed in Feng Shui. That is why there are still lots of forests in the Malaysia, indexMundi(2011) reports that 62,3 % of Malaysian area is still covered by forest. However, harmony also implies the partial usage of nature resources, otherwise, the furniture company couldnt operate without the supply of woods. Time orientation Secondly, Ismail Z.(n.d.) states that the Malay culture focuses mostly on future in time orientation. This implies focusing on long-term goals and planning strategies to accomplish the future achievements. However, Malays also believe that changes in present leads to the success in future. People nature Thirdly, Ismail Z.(n.d.) determines that Malays view their peoples nature as neutral they think there are good people as well as bad people with reference to ying-yang . Malays trust each other, but they also dont forget about being careful. For example, according to Bosrock M.(2012), for Malays, the trust in partner is more important than the written contract, that is why the Malay may ask to repeat spoken business terms, but anyway signs contract for safety. Behavior Further, Ismael Z.(n.d.) informs us that Malays behavior style is being. Being is all about our internal motives to do something that we value or enjoying our lives. Relationship with others Then, due to the combination of the high power index and collectivism, the Malays are subject to hierarchical relation to others in society. In other words, people belong to groups, but depending on his social status. For example, higher ranking executives would belong to elite group of high ranking employees. Spatial usage Finally, of course as a collectivistic culture, Malays prefer public spatial usage over private. Malays as a collective workers are used to public spaces. In my opinion, it would be the big room with the big table, where everybody could sit face-to-face in order to work together. Trompenaars model Finally, we got to the Trompenaars model of cultural analysis, where we will distinguish between universalism and particularism, neutral and affective relationships, specific and diffuse relationships, achievement and ascription, sequential and synchronous time approaches, internal and external controls. Particularism vs Universalism According to via-web.de(2012), Asian countries have particularism tendencies, therefore, the relationship is the determinant of what practices should be applied. For example, before thinking of business, Malays firstly build the relationship with their partner. Depending on level of trust and relationship gained, the terms of agreements may change several times. For Malays even the spoken contract terms are more crucial than those of written. Neutral vs Affective White J.(2012) writes that Malaysian culture is very neutral, which means that people there control their emotions. They dont show their thoughts and feelings. They try to orient more on reasons than on emotions to act upon. This happened due to the impact of the Asian culture, where respect to other people is emphasized through being neutral in feelings and calm. Diffuse vs Special Thirdly, with reference to SCIE(1999) , it is clear that most East Asian cultures tend to have diffuse relationships, where their relationship also spreads beyond the workplace. As a collectivism is developed in Malay, the new employees who enters the organization, also belongs to the company team, which means that he is interdependent on the group even beyond the office. Achievement vs Ascription The ascription is more practiced in Malaysia, because of the hierarchy and respect to elders. The statuses are given depending on the age and authority. The following words from Bosrock M.(2012) surely prove my words: Malays judge people by who they are rather than what they do. Sequential vs Synchronous Malay attitude towards time is synchronous, according to MindTools,(2012), they see past, present and future as interwoven, and therefore their view of time is flexible. For example, Salleh L.(2005) illustrates that even on Malay weddings flexible time scheduling can be observed, even if the wedding was announced to be held at afternoon, the guests were coming after twelve and even few in the evenings. Internal vs External Malays as people, who are Muslims, believe in external locus of control or or in fatalism with reference to White J.(2012). Fatalism is the strong believe that everything happening good as well as bad is happening by the will of the God, as a result, religious believers are driven by feelings combined with their religious faith. Recommendations: For Uzbek manager, high hierarchy situation would be beneficial because the employees would perform everything told without a doubt, although manager should be active and thoughtful as he is the only decision maker, excluding the boss. Also, if the manager would have a boss, he is strongly recommended not to challenge his decisions. The manager should keep in mind that, in Malaysia, where the collectivism is high, he is going to manage not individuals, but the groups. The performance of the groups is more effective than of individuals, if managed well. As the collectivism is encouraged, also it is advisable for manager to head to Malaysia in groups beforehand or to enter the company group in order to be respected. Uzbek manager should be careful with decisions, because it is risky and difficult to make right decisions in such uncertainty atmosphere as it is found in Malaysia, especially if he hadnt lived there before. The combination of masculinity and femininity allows male as well as female manager to be sent there. Also, it means that manager should not only focus on succeeding on masculine values, but also he should make relationships with other managers, as in such culture belonging to group plays an important role. Due to the long-term orientation, manager should be focused on improving performance and planning strategies in the long-run. According to Salleh L.(2005), Malays have strong feelings of hospitality, therefore they serve their guests with snacks and drinks. Moreover, this tradition is now being used in business meetings. In that case, our manager should at least try the servings to show respect against the partner. However, Its only the beginning, as this process creates an atmosphere for communication. According to Bosrock M.(2012), before getting down to business, Malays tend to involve the partner into a very long conversation with a lot of personal questions in order to build a trust and relationship, so, I would advise our manager to be patient. Bosrock M.(2012) claims that Malay businessmen may try to renegotiate even after drafted written contract is concluded, it happens because spoken contract terms are more important for Malays than written ones, therefore as a manager, be ready for it. In addition, Malay businessmen will insist on concessions, but wont give up something in exchange, therefore plan several meetings beforehand. Salleh L.(2005) states that expressing the desire and negative feelings is impolite for Malays, therefore as a high-context communication culture, they will be sending indirect messages and using non-verbal signals a lot. For our manager, it means that he should be more sensitive towards the expressed words searching for their hidden context and pay more attention to the non-verbal signals as they will help to decode the context more accurately. Dont bypass the hierarchy in Malaysia, you will lose your face. According to Weir D.(n.d.), in Asian countries, the manager should be able to answer to any work-related question of the employee. If he couldnt answer, he loses his face, therefore, I advise our manager to be experienced, knowledgeable and to research on everything about companys operations. My personal suggestion is to be ready to the change in the work atmosphere, as I am pretty sure that the group work of Malays will be conducted in one room, where it would be noisy and all people would be sitting face-to face and discussing everything together. White J.(2012) claims that Malays judge person by who he is, therefore, the manager should be chosen appropriately by age, gender, background, family, previous status and so on. I would suggest that he should be a very experienced and knowledgeable senior manager, preferably male, with a diploma from a famous university and with work experience in most powerful companies, in addition he should be from well-bred family, and also the important thing is that he should be powerful and from the high social strata. Keep in mind that Malays have flexible time nature, so dont be angry if he comes late, however, according to Wikia(2012), if you are hosting an event you should be punctual. With regard to Wikia (2012), left hands and feet is considered as dirty, therefore never use your left hand or legs to do something. However, business cards taken with both hands are the sign of respect. In addition, carefully examine the taken card as it is very respectful. Backpacking-tips-asia (2012),Malays are so polite that they cant say no , so dont be too trustful with yes answers. Avoid making meetings on Friday as it is the religious day and Muslims go to the mosque. If you want to invite to a dinner, keep in mind that they dont eat pork and dont drink alcohol; in addition they eat Halal food. If someone gives you a gift, you should give something of the same value in exchange or invite somewhere, in addition, I would advise not to open the gift in the presence of gift presenter. Remove the shoes before entering someones house Backpacking-tips-asia(2012) notes that, if someone invites you, bring a gift but avoid wrapping it in white, blue or black as they symbolize death, also yellow too as it is a royal color. If you want to visit mosque, wear long clothing and cover your head. According to Bosrock M.(2012), pointing with a finger is insult, keeping the hands in pocket is anger and hitting fist into cupped hand is obscene, in addition, it is not allowed to touch someones head as head is considered as the home of the soul, so dont do all this. Kwintessential(2012) states the the family is considered as the centre of the social structure, that is why elders should be always respected, and it is not allowed to smoke near to them. When introducing, you should first introduce senior or higher-ranking executives and women first According to Kwistessentials(2012), the concept of face is different in Malaysia as it is the indicative of good name, characters and reputation of the generations. And you can easily lose your face if you criticize, disagree or insult someone; if you earn shame to your group; if you challenge an authority; if you deny a request or dont keep your promise. It is also told that, face can be saved by keeping yourself calm. Dont smile as it has several good as well as bad meanings. There are lots of rooms for prayers in the streets, so dont mess them up with restrooms. To greet a person you should lightly touch someones both hands and then bring your right hand to your chest and say Salam. Handshake with women is not allowed, until she offers it first. Just in case, simple smile and nodding is enough as a greeting. Thorough analytical research of Malaysia has showed that Malaysia has a very unique culture. Before this research, I was thinking that all Asian cultures are similar, but now I have seen a lot cultural values and customs that differ from ours. Many traditions and customs were so entertaining and interesting to observe. Anyway, in my opinion, there are things that cannot be illustrated by any paper and one of such thing is culture, which can be observed only practically through living side-by-side with the culture representatives. I wish good luck and success to our manager in Malaysia.

Concept of Nationalism in Contemporary Political Geography

Concept of Nationalism in Contemporary Political Geography To what extent is the concept of nationalism useful for understanding contemporary political geography? Use examples to illustrate your answer. In order to analyse to what extent the concept of nationalism is useful for understating contemporary political geography, it is important to define what is meant by the concepts. Nationalism can be defined as an ‘identification with ones own nation and support for its interests.’ (Dictionaries, 2018) However, the concept of nationalism is much more complexed and I intend to expand on this during the course of the essay.   When discussing political geography it refers to ‘the branch of geography that deals with the boundaries, divisions, and possessions of states.’  (Dictionaries, 2018) With the key concepts defined it allows us to examine the question in depth. In this essay I intend to demonstrate, using a variety of examples that the concept of nationalism forms a core foundation in several contemporary debates in political geography and thus it can be useful to understanding it. One of the main reasons that nationalism has become present in contemporary political geography is due to geographical reasons.   It can be concluded that those countries with a stronger sense of national identity have a more isolationist approach and place the benefits of their own countries above that of everything else. It is evident that geographical location plays a large part in a countries sense of national identity. Britain has already acquired a strong sense of national identity, however, many argue that this sense of national identity has developed further due to its geographical location – they have no bordering nations. This concept is also visible in other countries with few bordering nations such as the USA. (Agnew, et al., 2003)This isolation means that they form more nationalist viewpoints which as I will demonstrate has a direct impact of contemporary political debates. Nationalism has also come about in contemporary political geography due to historical reasons which have, again, led to nationalist viewpoint and approaches and thus impacted several contemporary political debates. Using the example of Europe, it becomes clear to see that certain countries overtime have become dominant through their military power and strong trade links. Countries have fought for authority and those that have come out on top such as Britain can see this reflected in their national identity, which is one of pride. Their dominance over Europe has led the country to have an isolationist approach to contemporary political geography issues.   In contrast, those countries in Europe such as France which has over history suffered greatly from its vulnerability and military weakness has led to them needed strong ties with its neighbouring countries in order to help protect themselves. This has meant that over time their sense of national identity has diminished. This is reflected in contemporary political geography issues as they are certainly more open to changes, such as further integration in Europe and the issues surrounding asylum seekers, than countries with a stronger sense of national identity such as Britain. (Agnew, et al., 2003) Britain’s political stability has remained similar over time and this is what has brought about such a strong sense of national identity. In the context of nationalism and contemporary political geography the current issues faced in regards to integration in Europe are a prime example of an issue in which the two concepts are present.   The concept of nationalism is apparent here because while some are encouraging an improvement in integration, others are concerned that this will decrease individual state sovereignty.   It can be concluded that state sovereignty is one of the key aspects of nationalism. It has allowed each nation to govern itself and have its own authority, elections have made people feel part of the governance of their own nation and thus has allowed each nation to develop its own sense of national identity. For example, over history, Britain and its national sovereignty has allowed it to rule over its empire and colonies. This has led to a strong sense of national identity within the nation and a cautious view towards European integration. (Adler-Nissen, 2015) Political geography is present in this debate because it concerns the boundaries of states. In this example there are many who argue that a more integrated Europe should be one in which boundaries are broken down between nations, allowing the free movement of goods and labour.   On a similar line to this, the current debate surrounding asylum seekers and the control of European Union borders is one in which nationalism forms a central basis. It occurs across almost every country in the world and has become a significant issue in current political geography debates. The movement of people across borders has always caused conflict due to the negative representations of asylum seekers. (Manara, 2018)These negative representations of asylum seekers are ultimately aimed at protecting individual state sovereignty. (Appendix 1) A prime example of this is in the UK, one of the main driving forces behind ensuring votes to ‘leave’ Brexit was to implement stricter criteria in relation to asylum and immigration. In 2016, 75% of potential ‘leave’ voters mentioned immigration as the most important issue, this was at a time in which asylum seekers were arriving to the UK at near-record levels.  (Hirschler, 2017)   The concept of nationalism is evident here because the UK was more concerned about protecting its individual state sovereignty and economy rather than helping refugee’s during the crisis. Environmental issues also play a key part in current political geographical debates, in particular global warming and destruction of rainforests.   Climate change has profound implications for the future of the planet. In relation to political geography the debate is whether those countries who are responsible for climate change should be obliged to contribute more into the Green Climate Fund.  (Goodwin, 2014) This is because it has been proven that emissions produced by these countries are affecting not only the whole earth but in particular those countries within their borders. Since President Trump announced the United States withdraw from Paris Agreement in 2017, there have been several debates. The United States is responsible for almost a third of the excess carbon dioxide that is heating the planet. (Appendix 2) The nationalist view of President Trump here was that the contributions the country was making as part of the Paris Agreement was affecting the United States economy. However, the counter argument is that the large role the United States has played in causing climate change creates an outsize responsibility to help control the issue. A further example of an environmental issue in contemporary political geography is the destruction of the rainforests. At the centre of this debate is South America, here most deforestation takes place because of their need for agricultural land. (Goodwin, 2014) In poor countries such as South America people very often turn to agriculture in order to make money to meet every day needs of living. The farmers migrate to agricultural settlement areas, and cut down several acres of land to use for farming. The stumps are burnt which releases the nutrients into the soil that are needed to grow crops. The nationalist view here is that it is a source of income and helps boost the nation’s economy and that the forests are within the nation’s border. However, the argument is that it is affecting the entire planet as it is adding to climate change and the greenhouse effect to the large scale destruction. Not only does it affect climate change but also wildlife.   ‘It is obvious that there is no clear solution to these problems, but the result of nationalism in this sense, on the world could be disastrous.’ Nationalism has been a concept which has appeared throughout the ongoing political issues linked to immigration in Europe. It was one of the main reasons behind the choice that Britain made to leave the European Union in 2017. The European Union allows people to have free movement between the countries, and although many people would see this as a benefit it can be argued that Britain did not. Perhaps this was because of the countries strong sense of nationalism and representations of asylum seekers in the British media which meant that citizens would see the arrival of immigrants as a hindrance on the British economy. Many British people believed that it was unfair that workers who were unskilled and unable to support themselves were moving to the country and being supported by the government.  (Delanty & OMahony, 2002)   I believe that this sense of nationalism can, again, be contributed to Britain’s isolationist approach. Ex Tory Leader William Hague defined the British nationalist approach in one of his interviews. In which his response to the immigration dilemma was that ‘first we must learn to look after our own people, then we can look at helping others.’   This has been a statement which has symbolised many of Britain’s nationalistic tendencies. One final example of where it is apparent that nationalism is at the core to a contemporary political geography issue is over world economy, in particular the subject of poverty. It becomes apparent from the previous examples that a countries national interests always dominate other factors to contemporary political geography issues and it is no different here. It is well known that over the past years, the world’s wealthiest countries have been exploiting third world countries for their own economic benefits.  (Delanty & OMahony, 2002) For example, countries such as the United States and United Kingdom have benefited from the exploitation of labour forces in third world countries, such as Africa, as it allows them to increase profit on trade goods.   Nationalism is evident here as countries such as the US and UK are accepting the exploitation of third world countries in order to benefit their economies and increase profit maximisation. However, this in turn increases the amount of debt and poverty experienced in third world countries. The political debate surrounding this issue is that there are two standards. In the developing world, a minimum wage is required whereas in the underdeveloped world it can be said that they are being exploited in order to make more money. Perhaps this is one of the main reasons why disparity exists in the world and nationalism is the cause, which priorities its own economic benefits above that of equality. In conclusion, from the examples discussed above it becomes clear to see that nationalism forms a core foundation in several current political geography issues. Whether it is environmental or social issues they all unanimously point to nationalism as the centre topic. Therefore from this it can be concluded that nationalism is extremely useful to understanding a wide range of contemporary political geography issues. Nationalism is both a symptom and a cause of contemporary political geography issues, due to countries prioritising their own interest above all else.   There are many contemporary political geography issues relating to nationalism which need to be addressed in order for them to be resolved. Bibliography Adler-Nissen, R., 2015. Opting out of the European Union: diplomacy, sovereignty and European integration.. International Affairs, 91(4), pp. 897-899. Agnew, J. A., Toal, G. & Mitchell, K., 2003. A companion to Political Geography. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Delanty, G. & OMahony, P., 2002. Nationalism and Social Theory: Modernity and the Recalcitrance of the Nation. London: Sage Publications. Dictionaries, O., 2018. Oxford Dictionaries. [Online] Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nationalism [Accessed 16 April 2018]. Dictionaries, O., 2018. Oxford Dictionaries. [Online] Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/political_geography [Accessed 16 April 2018]. Goodwin, B., 2014. Using Political Ideas. 6th ed. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hirschler, S., 2017. Brexit, immigration and expanded markets of social control. Safer Communities, 16(4), pp. 176-185. Insitute, W. R., 2016. World Resoruces Insitute, London: World Resources Insitute. Manara, M., 2018. The depoliticisation of asylum seekers. Political Geography, Volume 64, pp. 43-52. Periwal, S., 1995. Notions of Nationalism. London: Central European University Press Book. Stewart, H., 2016. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/16/nigel-farage-defends-ukip-breaking-point-poster-queue-of-migrants [Accessed 19 April 2018]. Appendix 1 (Stewart, 2016) Appendix 2 (Insitute, 2016)

Scarlet Letter Symbols :: essays research papers

Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many symbols to add meaning to his novel, The Scarlet Letter. This novel was written in 1850 by Nathaniel Hawthorne. This novel is classified as a romance due to the events that happen through out the book. The book takes place in 1640's Boston. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many symbols to give the book strength and power over the reader. Two symbols that Hawthorne uses are the rosebush, and Pearl. These two symbols help in the revelation of the story, from beginning to end. Hester is kept in the prison due to her sin of adultery that she has committed. As she walks herself from the prison doors to the scaffold, the readers become acquainted with the rose-bush . This rose bush is said to be kept alive with history. Hawthorne says how he plucks one of the rose-bush flowers and presents it to the reader. "It may serve, let us hope, to symbolize some sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close tale of human frailty and sorrow." (p. 46) When Hawthorne shows the reader the rose bloom, he point out that beauty comes with a price, but also it is next to the prison door. The rose-bush symbolizes the pain and joy that come through Hester's sin. One of the most painful yet most important thing to Hester is Pearl. Pearl is also a very important symbol though the story. She is Hester's pride and joy that leads her through the day., but also her full time reminder of the sin she has committed. "Therefore it is good for this poor, sinful woman that she hath an infant immortality, a being capable of eternal joy or sorrow, confided to her care,-to at ever moment, of her fall,-but yet to teach her, as it were by the Creator's sacred pledge, that if she bring the child to heaven, that child will also bring the parent thither!"(p.105) Here Mr. Dimmesdale explains how Pearl, is the eternal joy and sorrow of Hester's life. Also how Pearl can save her mothers soul, if Hester can save Pearl's first. Hawthorne says at the end of the story that Pearl grew up and took her mother's sin into consideration in her life, and grew up to have a happy family.

Shaking Baby Syndrome Essay -- essays research papers

Shaken Baby Syndrome Imagine yourself as a sweet, innocent, precious little baby. You are totally dependant upon adults to give you what you need and most importantly love. Your only means of communication is crying so you cry when you need to be fed, when you need your diaper changed, when you aren’t feeling so well, or when you just want some attention. You are crying and someone comes over to you. They pick you up, but instead of holding you and comforting you, talking affectionately to you, they shake you violently and vigorously. You are a baby, imagine the fear and pain that the shaking causes you. This is a form of child abuse and what is even harder to believe is that it actually happens. The correct term is Shaken Baby Syndrome and it is a form of abuse that is happening far and wide.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What exactly is Shaking Baby Syndrome? Shaken Baby Syndrome is a serious brain injury that occurs when adults, frustrated and angry with children, shake then violently, and Shaken Baby Syndrome mostly occurs when a child receives numerous rapid shakes. It can also occur when a baby is slammed against a hard object; head impact is not necessary but does frequently occur. Shaken Baby Syndrome occurs frequently in infants younger than six months old, yet can occur up to the age of 5. (Showers, 1997.) In reality, shaking a baby if only for a few seconds can injure the baby for life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often frustrated parents or other persons responsible for a child’s care feel that shaking a baby is a harmless way to make a child stop crying. The number one reason why a baby is shaken is because of inconsolable crying. (National Exchange Club Foundation, 1998) An infant may spend two to three hours a day crying. (The Epilepsy Association of Central Florida) A caregiver momentarily gives in to the frustration of responding to a crying baby by shaking. Caregivers may be inadequately prepared for children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why is shaking a baby so dangerous? A baby’s head and neck are especially vulnerable to injury because the head is so large and the neck muscles are still weak. A baby’s neck is to weak to support their heavy head so when the baby is shaken the heads swings back and forth. In addition, the baby’s brain and blood vessels are very fragile and easily damaged by whiplash mo... ...n a coma, being in a vegetative state, and the worst, death. One in every four babies shaken dies. The rest have to deal with the injuries and symptoms that will affect the rest of their innocent lives. Twenty five to thirty percent of babies shaken die (National Shaken Baby Syndrome). Immediate medical attention can help reduce the impact of shaking, but many children are left with permanent damage from the shaking. The treatment of survivors falls into 3 major categories. Those categories are medical, behavioral, and educational. In addition to medical care, children may need speech and language therapy, vision therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and special education services. (Showers, 1997) Many incidents of Shaken Baby Syndrome are not reported out of fear. It is important to seek immediate and early medical attention. Serious complications and even death can be avoided. Exactly how much force is needed to cause injuries? No firm answer exists as to the exact number of shakes necessary or how long a person might typically shake a child. In most cases the period of shaking is 5-10 seconds. (National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome) To cause brain damage, severe

Executive Privilege

Executive Privilege| | | | Virginia Commonwealth University November 14, 2012| | In the past, the power of executive privilege has been used by Presidents to conceal information that has to do with foreign affairs and negotiations, military, national security issues as well as deliberations and policy making that is done between the President and his top aides. This power is only used when Congress asks the President or one of his top aides to produce all of the information pertaining to an event or situation.If the President then feels that parts of this information needs to be kept secret to protect the best interest of the public, or the other issues listed previously, then he will use executive privilege in order to not give that information to Congress. A huge part of executive privilege is to protect the deliberations and advice given by the President’s aides. When the President’s advisors give him advice, they need to be able to give him the best advice possible and if there is a chance that everything they said could be made public.For instance if the President and advisors are discussing what needs to be done in relation to a foreign power and one suggests to nuke them, one suggests a covert attack and one suggests a peaceful resolution. If the final decision is a peaceful resolution, and Congress asks for all of the information on the subject, then the President should use executive privilege to keep those other possible outcomes from going public, both to keep the public from getting out of control or uneasy and to keep the other country from finding out the other options and retaliating.This power ensures that the President’s advisors can be completely honest and say what needs to be said without being worried about their words being taken the wrong way or too harsh or hurt their image. A big argument for those against executive privilege is that there is nothing in the constitution about it even though there is something about Congress keeping secrets.Article I states that â€Å"Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy† (US Constitution, Article 1 Section 5). Their argument is that the Constitution states that each House can withhold information that they think should be kept secret and there is nothing about secrecy when it comes to the President’s powers, however just because the words are not explicitly in the constitution does not mean that this power was not intended for the President.Even our founding fathers appreciated the importance of executive privilege and that is highlighted by this passage taken from The Works of Alexander Hamilton. In 1794, the Senate asked President George Washington, â€Å"‘to lay before the Senate the correspondences which have been had between the Minister of the United States at the Republic of France, and said Republic, and between said Minister and the office of Secretary of State. † Washington consulted his cabinet members, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, and Edmund Randolph.Alexander Hamilton later wrote: General Knox is of the opinion that no part of the correspondences should be sent to the Senate; Colonel Hamilton is of the opinion that the correct mode of proceeding is to do what General Knox advises; but the principle is safe, by excepting such parts as the President may choose to withhold; Mr. Randolph is of the opinion that all correspondence proper, from its nature, to be communicated to the Senate, should be sent; but that what the President thinks is improper, should not be sent.Washington later told the Senate â€Å"After an examination of [the correspondence], I directed copies and translations to be made; except in those particulars, which, in my judgment, for public considerations, ought not to be communicated. † (Hamilton 1851) Three of these men signed the constitution and contribut ed a great deal towards it and they clearly believe that it is the President’s right to withhold information that he deems unfit to be made public. When it comes to foreign affairs it is very important that the President has the ability to use executive privilege.For instance, if the United States was making a treaty with another country, both countries may have to give things up in order to come to an agreement, and everything considered by both sides as well as everything agreed upon should not be made public for everyone, including other countries to see. This is best stated in 1796 by George Washington after the House of Representatives requested that he give them information concerning his instructions to the United States Minister to Britain regarding the treaty negotiations between the United States and Britain.Washington replied by saying: The nature of foreign negotiations requires caution, and their success must often depend on secrecy; and even when brought to a co nclusion a full disclosure of all the measures, demands, or eventual concessions which may have been proposed or contemplated would be extremely impolitic; for this might have a pernicious influence on future negotiations, or produce immediate inconveniences, perhaps danger and mischief, in relation to other powers.The necessity of such caution and secrecy was one cogent reason for vesting the power of making treaties in the President†¦the boundaries fixed by the Constitution between the different departments should be preserved, a just regard to the Constitution and to the duty of my office.. , forbids a compliance with your request. † (Richardson 1897) As Washington states, we cannot simply make every detail public because other countries may retaliate and they will also be less likely to deal with the United States in the future. However, by invoking executive privilege the President can protect that information from causing such havoc.As he stated, it is not only the President’s right to use executive privilege, but it is his duty to use it in situations that require secrecy. Without a doubt executive privilege can have its usefulness, but it should only be invoked in certain, specific situations. In our recent history this has not been the case, some of our Presidents have tried to abuse the power of executive privilege, giving it a bad name and encouraging people to believe it should be done away with. When President Richard Nixon was in office, the Watergate scandal surfaced and Congress asked him to produce all of the information he and his aides had on the case.In an attempt to conceal what had been done as well as to protect everyone from punishment, President Nixon tried to use executive privilege. This case was brought to the United States Supreme Court because the executive privilege was being used to protect one of Nixon’s advisors from criminal prosecution, thus obstructing justice. This was by far an abuse of executive privilege and leads many to want it gotten rid of, however just because a power can be abused does not mean that its use should stop; it just means that restrictions need to be put in to place.This is highlighted by the ruling of the Supreme Court. The Court acknowledged the need for the President to used executive privilege, but determined that in cases of inquiry into possible criminal actions, the Executive has to release relating information. If we want to curb the abuse of executive privilege, we need to put guidelines into place, because without them, the meaning of executive privilege is at the discretion of the President until checked by other branches. President Nixon was neither the first nor last President to abuse this power (United States v Nixon 1974).President Bill Clinton also tried to invoke executive privilege in a very wrong way as well. Clinton tried to use executive privilege to prevent his advisors from testifying on whether he had sexual relations with Monica Lewinski or not. However, this claim of executive privilege was shot down, rightfully so (Baker 2012). These instances of abuse may lead some to think it is just a better option to not have executive privilege, but as long as barriers and restrictions can be put into place on it to prevent this from happening in the future, this power needs to stay around.This comes with some exceptions; this power should only be used when the President truly believes that if this information were to get out it would either be damaging to the public or in the best interest of the public to not find out. This power should also be used in situations where the President needs to protect national security intelligence and other matters as well as being used to protect military secrets, operations and intelligence.Lastly, this power should be used in situations where the United States is dealing with a foreign power, whether it is a treaty, a negotiation, a meeting or anything else containing sensitive m aterial that either the United States or the foreign power needs to be kept secret. This brings up another argument against executive privilege. Some feel that this power should be done away with because Congress does not have the power of checks and balances over executive privilege; however that is not the case.If the President is refusing to give Congress the information that they are asking for, they can decide to stop funding things that the President is trying to do. They can also hold people in contempt of Congress, which was done as recently as this year in the Fast and Furious case where Congress demanded that Attorney General Eric Holder give them all the information on this case. President Obama stepped in and claimed executive privilege, however in a response to this, Congress moved, then voted to hold Holder in contempt of Congress unless he hands over the information (Silverleib 2012).Another thing Congress can do if the President continues to refuse to cooperate is to impeach him. This would obviously be only done in serious situations, but would work either to get their message across or to show future Presidents that they cannot just invoke executive privilege without consequence. On top of this, the courts can rule on cases where the President tries to use executive privilege like they did in the case with President Nixon.Articles II of the Constitution states that the President â€Å"shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient† (US Constitution Article II Section 3) As the Constitution says, the President does need to inform Congress on the State of the Union from time to time, however it does not say anywhere that the President is required to divulge all the information having to do with certain incidents.Between Article I and Article II, others take this to mean that Congress has an unlimited power of inquiry, but in reality that is not the case. This fact has been ruled on multiple times by different courts, where usually they determine that either the President does not have to give up the information, or that the President has to give up certain aspects of that information based on other laws. It is also Congress’s right and duty to challenge the President when he uses executive privilege, in order to make sure that the power is not being abused, which is the exact reason for having separate branches and a balance of power.If it wasn’t for executive privilege, other countries might be less inclined to deal with the United States because they fear that every detail could go public. Along the same lines the president’s advisors can’t give their best advice if they have to worry that anything they say could be made public. Military secrets and intelligence also needs to be protected to better ensure our troops safety as well as protect our country and citizens from retaliation after an exposed military operation. There is also information that needs to remain secret because it is in the best interest of the public to not find out.Lastly and most importantly, if it wasn’t for executive privilege, national security and military intelligence matters could be made public, exposing our informants and jeopardizing our national security. In order to keep this power alive and protect sensitive information, the United States needs to add guidelines or an amendment that properly codifies executive privilege to prevent its abuse. Once this is done, in theory, there would not be any more issues of whether power can or cannot be used.Everything would be stated to say that the President can only use executive privilege in the situations previously stated and any other instance where executive privilege is claimed would be thrown out. Executive privilege helps to protect our citizens, our national security and our good standing and abili ty to negotiate with other countries. If we were not able to guarantee that level of secrecy it would be nearly impossible to conduct policy making, decision making, foreign negotiations, treaties, as well as threaten the United States and their citizens’ safety.References Baker, Peter, and Susan Schmidt. â€Å"Washingtonpost. com Special Report: Clinton Accused. † Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis. N. p. , 6 May 1998. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/starr050698. Hamilton, Alexander, and John C. Hamilton. The works of Alexander Hamilton comprising his correspondence, and his political and official writings, exclusive of the Federalist, civil and military. New York: J. F. Trow, 1851.Print. Richardson, James D.. A compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents. New York: Bureau of national literature, 1897. Print. Silverleib, Alan. â€Å"House holds Holder in contempt  œ CNN. com. † CNN. com – Breaking News, U. S. , World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. N. p. , 29 May 2012. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. http://www. cnn. com/2012/06/28/politics/holder-contempt/index. html. United States v. Nixon, 418 U. S. 683 (1974) (Justice Burger Opinion of the Court) United States Constitution, 1789